Province-specific alcohol-attributable cancer deaths and years of potential life lost in China.

OBJECTIVE: Cancer is a major cause of death in China. As alcohol drinking, a risk factor of cancer, is common in China, we aimed to estimate the alcohol-attributable cancer deaths and years of potential life lost (YPLL) across all provinces in China. METHODS: We estimated the proportion of cancer deaths and YPLL attributable to alcohol consumption at the province level. Population attributable fraction (PAF) was calculated based on: 1) prevalence of alcohol consumption, obtained from the China National Nutrition and Health Survey 2002; 2) dose-response relative risks (RRs) of alcohol consumption and site-specific cancer, extracted from published meta-analyses; 3) cancer mortality data, originated from the National Program of Cancer Registry 2013. RESULTS: We estimated that 98,306 cancer deaths were attributable to alcohol consumption and accounted for 4.56 % of the total cancer deaths in China in 2013. Of these deaths, a total of 919,741.57 person-years premature loss of life was caused. Both overall PAF and average YPLL per 100,000 individuals were much higher in men than that in women (7.01 % vs. 0.33 % and 130.55 vs. 4.45, respectively). At the province level, overall PAF ranged from 2.14 % (95 % CI: 1.40 %-2.87 %) in Shanghai to 6.56 % (95 % CI: 4.06 %-9.05 %) in Anhui and the average YPLL per 100,000 individuals ranged from 10.97 in Tibet to 106.52 in Shandong. CONCLUSIONS: Cancer burden attributable to alcohol consumption varied across provinces in China. Province-level approaches are warranted to decrease alcohol consumption and reduce the alcohol-related cancer burden.

[Compositions and structure characterizations of coal tar refined soft pitch].

High temperature coal tar was used as raw materials, and was distilled to 280 degrees C for getting coal tar soft pitch. Then refined soft pitch was obtained by solvent extracting and subsequent settlement method. Its soft point was 32 degrees C; the group compositions consisted of 53.67% heptane soluble, 39.47% heptane insoluble but toluene soluble, 6.86% toluene insoluble and 0.06% quinoline insoluble. The relative average molecular weight was about 292. Its average molecular formula was C22.22 H16.32 N0.12 S0.06 O0.33; the total content of heteroatom was less than 1. IR analytic results showed that its heteroatom O existed in the R-O-R and Ar-O-R structure; its heteroatom N existed in the R-NH-R and -N=, with the latter being primary. Its average structure was obtained by improved Brown-Lander model: five-membered condensed rings. UV analysis indicated that the majority was linear arrangement, and the minority was surface arrangement; namely, the chemical structure of the samples was mainly the cata-condensed structure, while the minority was peri-condensation.