ABSTRACT
Photonic crystal lasers with a high-Q factor and small mode volume are ideal light sources for on-chip nano-photonic integration. Due to the submicron size of their active region, it is usually difficult to achieve high output power and single-mode lasing at the same time. In this work, we demonstrate well-selected single-mode lasing in a line-defect photonic crystal cavity by coupling it to the high-Q modes of a short double-heterostructure photonic crystal cavity. One of the FP-like modes of the line-defect cavity can be selected to lase by thermo-optically tuning the high-Q mode of the short cavity into resonance. Six FP-like modes are successively tuned into lasing with side mode suppression ratios all exceeding 15 dB. Furthermore, we show a continuous wavelength tunability of about 10 nm from all the selected modes. The coupled cavity system provides a remarkable platform to explore the rich laser physics through the spatial modulation of vacuum electromagnetic field at submicron scale.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Recently, in a cross-sectional study of 201 children in Araihazar, Bangladesh, exposure to arsenic (As) in drinking water has been shown to lower the scores on tests that measure children's intellectual function before and after adjustment for sociodemographic features. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the effects of As and fluoride exposure on children's intelligence and growth. METHODS: We report the results of a study of 720 children between 8 and 12 years of age in rural villages in Shanyin county, Shanxi province, China. The children were exposed to As at concentrations of 142 +/- 106 microg/L (medium-As group) and 190 +/- 183 microg/L (high-As group) in drinking water compared with the control group that was exposed to low concentrations of As (2 +/- 3 microg/L) and low concentrations of fluoride (0.5 +/- 0.2 mg/L). A study group of children exposed to high concentrations of fluoride (8.3 +/- 1.9 mg/L) but low concentrations of As (3 +/- 3 microg/L) was also included because of the common occurrence of elevated concentrations of fluoride in groundwater in our study area. A standardized IQ (intelligence quotient) test was modified for children in rural China and was based on the classic Raven's test used to determine the effects of these exposures on children's intelligence. A standardized measurement procedure for weight, height, chest circumference, and lung capacity was used to determine the effects of these exposures on children's growth. RESULTS: The mean IQ scores decreased from 105 +/- 15 for the control group, to 101 +/- 16 for the medium-As group (p < 0.05), and to 95 +/- 17 for the high-As group (p < 0.01). The mean IQ score for the high-fluoride group was 101 +/- 16 and significantly different from that of the control group (p < 0.05). Children in the control group were taller than those in the high-fluoride group (p < 0.05); weighed more than the those in the high-As group (p < 0.05); and had higher lung capacity than those in the medium-As group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Children's intelligence and growth can be affected by high concentrations of As or fluoride. The IQ scores of the children in the high-As group were the lowest among the four groups we investigated. It is more significant that high concentrations of As affect children's intelligence. It indicates that arsenic exposure can affect children's intelligence and growth.
