ABSTRACT
AIM: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) allows studying the content of many metabolites in neural tissue in vivo. There are numerous studies devoted to the MRS data analysis in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but their results are contradictory. Thus, it is rational to compare the data obtained with MRS and positron emission tomography (PET) with fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), which allows evaluating the brain functional state. In this paper, the authors compared MRS data in AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) with the cerebral glucose metabolism changes according to FDG PET. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Multivoxel proton MRS of the supraventricular area was performed in patients with AD (n=16) and MCI (n=14). The following metabolites ratios were evaluated: NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, NAA/Cho (NAA - N-acetylaspartate, Cr - creatine, Cho - choline). All patients underwent neurological examination, assessment of cognitive status and PET with FDG. RESULTS: A decrease in NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratios in the supraventricular white matter and medial cortex in both hemispheres was observed in AD patients. In the MCI group, NAA/Cr ratio were decreased only in left white matter adjusting to the parietal cortex. Positive correlations of NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratios with cognitive status, as well as the cerebral glucose metabolism rate according to the PET data in frontal, parietal, temporal and cingulate cortex were revealed. CONCLUSION: The decrease in the NAA/Cr ratio in the supraventricular white matter and the medial cortex in AD and the correlation of this index with the results of cognitive tests and cerebral glucose metabolism suggest that it can be of diagnostic significance, reflecting the severity of cognitive impairment. In this case, the NAA/Cr ratio should be evaluated taking into account the changes in concentrations of both metabolites (NAA and Cr) in dementia.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease , Aspartic Acid , Brain , Choline , Cognition , Creatine , Humans , Magnetic Resonance SpectroscopyABSTRACT
The review states and argues theoretical propositions on the pathogenetic role of pre- and perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the formation of sustained oxygen-dependent energy deficit underlying in further ontogenesis the following neurobiological abnormalities: a) a decline in the level of health and compensatory-adaptive capacities of the organism, b) disorders of the psycho-speech development and adaptive behavior in children, c) early development of neuropsychic diseases, g) addition of other types of brain energy metabolism (including glucose metabolism) disorders in chronic polyetiologic diseases young and middle-aged individuals. We highlight and theoretically substantiate the integrated physiological parameters of the oxygen-dependent energy deficit types. We address the features of abnormalities in neuroreflectory and neurohumora regulatory mechanisms of the wakefulness level and its vegetative and hemodynamic provision in different types of energy deficit in children with DSMD, ADHD and school maladjustment. The use of the state-of-the-art neuroimaging techniques significantly increased the possibility of the disintegration of regulatory processes and cognitive functions in children with psycho-speech delays and in a wide range of chronic polyetiologic diseases.
Subject(s)
Central Nervous System/metabolism , Developmental Disabilities/metabolism , Energy Metabolism , Oxygen Consumption , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/metabolism , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/physiopathology , Brain/metabolism , Brain/physiopathology , Central Nervous System/physiopathology , Child , Cognition/physiology , Developmental Disabilities/physiopathology , Glucose/metabolism , HumansSubject(s)
Cognition Disorders/diagnosis , Cognition Disorders/therapy , Deep Brain Stimulation/methods , Learning Disabilities/diagnosis , Learning Disabilities/therapy , Brain/physiopathology , Child , Cognition , Cognition Disorders/physiopathology , Combined Modality Therapy , Emotions , Female , Humans , Learning Disabilities/physiopathology , Male , Treatment Outcome , WakefulnessABSTRACT
The efficacy of a method of combined treatment, developed by ourselves, using transcranial micropolarization in patients with delayed development of speech and general mental development, was studied in 30 children aged 4-6 years. High therapeutic effects were seen with this method in 60-80% of children, with accelerated development of communicative behavior and formation of speech-motor functions, along with increases in the stability of attention and improvements in the processes of perception and the productivity of cognitive activity.
Subject(s)
Language Development Disorders/therapy , Psychomotor Disorders/therapy , Speech Therapy/methods , Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation/methods , Child , Child, Preschool , Combined Modality Therapy , Developmental Disabilities , Female , Humans , Male , Motor Activity/physiology , Neuropsychological Tests/statistics & numerical data , Psychomotor Performance/physiology , Psychophysics/methods , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Efficiency of combined therapy with the use of transcranial micropolarization developed by the authors was analyzed in 30 children, aged 4-6 years, with speech delay and general mental impairment. In 60-80% of the cases, a high therapeutic effect of the new method has been achieved due to accelerated development of communicative behavior, speech and motor functions formation, increase of attention stability and improvement of perceptive and productivity processes of cognitive activity.
Subject(s)
Electric Stimulation Therapy/methods , Psychomotor Disorders/therapy , Speech Disorders/therapy , Child , Child, Preschool , Combined Modality Therapy , Female , Humans , Male , Psychomotor Disorders/complications , Skull , Speech Disorders/complications , Speech Therapy/methods , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Disorders develop in the emotional sphere in the form of increased anxiety and fear in amygdalectomized rats. The pineal hormone melatonin and diazepam (in an equal dose of 0.1 mg/kg) alleviate the state of anxiety and fear in the animals. Despite some differences in behavioral activity, the effect of the drugs appears to be similar. This suggests that melatonin possesses anxiolytic properties which may be related to its effect on the function of the limbic structures.
Subject(s)
Amygdala/injuries , Anti-Anxiety Agents/therapeutic use , Anxiety/drug therapy , Diazepam/therapeutic use , Melatonin/therapeutic use , Phobic Disorders/drug therapy , Amygdala/physiology , Amygdala/surgery , Animals , Anxiety/etiology , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Male , Phobic Disorders/etiology , RatsABSTRACT
Pinealectomy and lesions of the amygdala variously changed aggression of rats after social isolation and behavior in a conflict situation. It is suggested that the pineal gland by means of secreted melatonin suppresses the function of the limbic structures. It may regulate the pineal-amygdaloid relationships and play an important role in the organization of emotional behaviour.
