ABSTRACT
Based on study of etiology, pathogenesis, clinical course, results of treatment of 489 patients aged from 1 till 73 years old with incomitant strabismus and integration of literature data clinical classification of incomitant strabismus was developed. Classification considers type and degree of extraocular muscle impairment (paralysis, palsy, pseudoparalysis, atypical forms), localization of damage (III, IV, VI cranial nerves, concurrent nerve damage), level of damage (cranial, orbital, combined), etiology and pathogenesis (local or systemic disease), age of manifestation (congenital, early and lately acquired), clinical manifestations (direction of globe deviation, forced head position, amblyopia, orbital fractures and soft tissue entrapment), presence of binocular diplopia (in primary or all gaze directions, in secondary gaze directions, without diplopia).
Subject(s)
Diplopia , Eye Movements , Strabismus , Adolescent , Adult , Age of Onset , Aged , Diplopia/etiology , Diplopia/physiopathology , Humans , Infant , Strabismus/classification , Strabismus/epidemiology , Strabismus/etiology , Strabismus/physiopathology , Vision, BinocularABSTRACT
A total of 203 patients with stable binocular diplopia were observed. Examinations included coordimetry, analysis of double images, and investigation of the doubling field in the gaze field. All examinations were performed using an original method with a serial computer. The treatment included therapy of the underlying disease, choice of correcting prisms, exercises aimed at extension of separate vision field, and operation on the oculomotor muscles. Three main forms of diplopia were distinguished: 1) muscular; 2) sensory; and 3) mixed. The first form includes diplopias in paresis of n.III and n.IV, n.VI, late development of convergent squint, orbital injuries, endocrine ophthalmopathy, and myasthenia. The second form includes diplopias developing after delayed operations for convergent squint, and the third form are diplopias after operations for detachment of the retina and implantation of intraocular lenses. The treatment led to complete neutralization of doubling in 18.7% cases, neutralization in the main part of the gaze field in 53.7%, the same with prism correction in 12.8% cases; in 14.8% patients adaptation to diplopia was attained after suppression of the second image. Diplopia in late squint is prognostically the most favorable, and the following conditions are listed in the order of more or less good prognosis: paresis of n.VI, n.IV, orbital injuries, endocrine ophthalmopathy, and artiphakia. The least favorable prognoses are for patients after delayed operation for squint and detachment of the retina. A new operation, plastic repair of the external m. rectus, was used in 96 patients with pareses of n.VI; no compensation was attained in only 2 patients.
Subject(s)
Diplopia/etiology , Diplopia/therapy , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Diagnosis, Differential , Diplopia/diagnosis , Eyeglasses/standards , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures/adverse effects , Prognosis , Tomography/methodsABSTRACT
The review deals with association of traffic accidents and visual state of drivers. The study in healthy professional drivers covered influence of visual defect patterns (short sight, lower visual acuity, unilateral amblyopia and single eye) on quality of car driving. The driving quality appeared to be influenced by factor causing lower visual acuity (changes in refraction and opacity of transparent eye structures). Binocular vision plays insignificant role in driving and maneuvering. Lower quality of maneuvering results mainly from diplopia, but not from loss of stereoscopic vision.
Subject(s)
Accidents, Traffic , Automobile Driving , Vision Disorders/complications , Adult , Amblyopia/complications , Diplopia/complications , Humans , Male , Visual AcuityABSTRACT
Ophthalmologic study covered 100 truck drivers (categories C and E according to International Classification) aged 21 to 50 and with length of service from 2 to 25 years. Comparative evaluation of various methods studying deep and stereoscopic vision proved that professional drivers have high values of deep and stereoscopic vision. Those values appeared to correlate strongly and positively (r = 0.57). Making a decision on adequacy to driving the stated vehicles, experts should prefer simple and informative method studying stereoscopic vision through lens stereoscope with "three circles" table.
Subject(s)
Automobile Driving , Occupations , Vision, Binocular , Adult , Age Factors , Depth Perception , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Motor Vehicles , Vision TestsABSTRACT
Peculiarities of drivers' work require visual strain. The studies prove considerable changes in accommodation (value of absolute and resources of relative accommodation), muscular balance, visual performance in correction test, that prove visual fatigue of automobile drivers, especially aged 20 to 30.
