ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Aplasia of the müllerian ducts leads to absence of the uterine corpus, uterine cervix, and upper (superior) vagina. Patients with müllerian aplasia (MA) often exhibit additional clinical features such as renal, vertebral and cardiac defects. A number of different syndromes have been associated with MA, and in most cases its aetiology remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: 14 syndromic patients with MA and 46,XX G-banded karyotype were screened for DNA copy number changes by approximately 1 Mb whole genome bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) array based comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH). The detected alterations were validated by an independent method and further mapped by high resolution oligo-arrays. RESULTS: Submicroscopic genomic imbalances affecting the 1q21.1, 17q12, 22q11.21, and Xq21.31 chromosome regions were detected in four probands. Presence of the alterations in the normal mother of one patient suggests incomplete penetrance and/or variable expressivity. CONCLUSION: 4 of the 14 patients (29%) were found to have cryptic genomic alterations. The imbalances on 22q11.21 support recent findings by us and others that alterations in this chromosome region may result in impairment of müllerian duct development. The remaining imbalances indicate involvement of previously unknown chromosome regions in MA, and point specifically to LHX1 and KLHL4 as candidate genes.
Subject(s)
Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics , Allelic Imbalance , Chromosome Aberrations , Genitalia, Female/abnormalities , Mullerian Ducts/abnormalities , Adolescent , Adult , Child, Preschool , Chromosome Deletion , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/genetics , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/genetics , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/genetics , Chromosomes, Human, X/genetics , Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics , Female , Gene Dosage , Homeodomain Proteins/genetics , Humans , LIM-Homeodomain Proteins , Middle Aged , Nucleic Acid Hybridization , Syndrome , Transcription Factors , Uterus/abnormalities , Vagina/abnormalities , Wnt Proteins/genetics , Wnt4 ProteinABSTRACT
We report array-CGH screening of 95 syndromic patients with normal G-banded karyotypes and at least one of the following features: mental retardation, heart defects, deafness, obesity, craniofacial dysmorphisms or urogenital tract malformations. Chromosome imbalances not previously detected in normal controls were found in 30 patients (31%) and at least 16 of them (17%) seem to be causally related to the abnormal phenotypes. Eight of the causative imbalances had not been described previously and pointed to new chromosome regions and candidate genes for specific phenotypes, including a connective tissue disease locus on 2p16.3, another for obesity on 7q22.1-->q22.3, and a candidate gene for the 3q29 deletion syndrome manifestations. The other causative alterations had already been associated with well-defined phenotypes including Sotos syndrome, and the 1p36 and 22q11.21 microdeletion syndromes. However, the clinical features of these latter patients were either not typical or specific enough to allow diagnosis before detection of chromosome imbalances. For instance, three patients with overlapping deletions in 22q11.21 were ascertained through entirely different clinical features, i.e., heart defect, utero-vaginal aplasia, and mental retardation associated with psychotic disease. Our results demonstrate that ascertainment through whole-genome screening of syndromic patients by array-CGH leads not only to the description of new syndromes, but also to the recognition of a broader spectrum of features for already described syndromes. Furthermore, on the technical side, we have significantly reduced the amount of reagents used and costs involved in the array-CGH protocol, without evident reduction in efficiency, bringing the method more within reach of centers with limited budgets.
