ABSTRACT
Despite advances in the 21st century, dental caries still remains to be one of the most common infectious diseases. Its prevalence was confirmed by the World Health Organization and affirms dental caries as a major health problem in all over the world. Even though the process of tooth decay is multifactorial, the oral bacteria, mutans streptococci, such as Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, are considered to be causative agents of dental caries in human. Numerous studies carried out on animals and various categories of vaccines were developed such as whole cell vaccine, subunit vaccine, and synthetic peptides. Irrespective of success from active and passive immunization based on animal trials, it is the phenomenon of human heart reactivity that limited the applicability of these trials in humans. Continuous efforts are being made to overcome these limitations and for further success in human trials. With the advent of various antibodies against antigens of mutans streptococci, local passive immunization has become the safer approach in humans against the colonization of bacteria and caries induction. This review provided insight into epidemiology, active and passive immunization in both animal and human trials, as well as the prospects of caries vaccination.
ABSTRACT
Aim To compare the antibacterial efficacy of irrigants (aloe vera, 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), and saline) against Enterococcus faecalis using the turbidometric analysis and colony count method. Materials and methods Eighty freshly extracted, single-rooted, human mandibular premolar teeth were taken. Access opening was done, instrumented, and autoclaved. Samples were inoculated with 10 µL of an Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) bacterial suspension and incubated at 37â¦C for three days. Samples were divided into four groups of 20 teeth each based on the type of irrigating solution used. Group 1 was irrigated with 3% sodium hypochlorite; Group 2 with 2% chlorhexidine; group 3 with aloe vera; and Group 4 with 0.9% saline (the control group). Ten teeth from each group were subjected to a turbidity analysis by spectrophotometer and the remaining 10 teeth from each group were tested for colony-forming units (CFU)/mL. The plates were incubated at 37â¦C for 24 hours and CFU that were grown were counted using a bacterial colony counter. Results were subjected to an analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a post hoc Games-Howell test. Results All the tested irrigating solutions demonstrated an antibacterial effect against E. faecalis. The greatest antimicrobial effects were observed in samples treated with 2% CHX (p<0.001). No statistically significant difference was found between 3% NaOCl and aloe vera (p > 0.001) against E. faecalis. Conclusion Two percent chlorhexidine exhibited good antimicrobial efficacy against E. faecalis. Three percent NaOCl and aloe vera showed a similar antimicrobial efficacy against E. faecalis. Aloe vera can be used as an antibacterial agent in novel drugs for the treatment of bacterial diseases.
ABSTRACT
AIM/OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of QMix™ 2 in 1, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and chlorhexidine (CHX) against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty freshly extracted, single-rooted human mandibular premolar teeth were instrumented and autoclaved. Samples were divided into two groups of 40 teeth each based on the type of microorganism used. Group I was inoculated with E. faecalis and Group II with C. albicans and incubated for 3 days. Each group was subdivided into four subgroups based on the type of irrigant used. Group IA, IIA, 5.25% NaOCl; Group IB, IIB, 2% CHX; Group IC, IIC, QMix™ 2 in 1; and Group ID, IID, 0.9% saline (the control group). Ten microliters of the sample from each canal was taken and was placed on Brain Heart Infusion agar and Sabouraud dextrose agar. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 h and colony forming units (CFUs) that were grown were counted. Data was analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post-hoc Games-Howell test. RESULTS: The greatest antimicrobial effects were observed in samples treated with QMix™ 2 in 1 (P < 0.001). No statistical significant difference was found between 5.25% NaOCl and 2% CHX (P > 0.001) against E. faecalis and C. albicans. CONCLUSION: QMix™ 2 in 1 demonstrated significant antimicrobial efficacy against E. faecalis and C. albicans.
