Subject(s)
Arteriovenous Malformations/complications , Hemothorax/diagnosis , Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular/diagnosis , Prenatal Diagnosis , Pulmonary Artery/abnormalities , Pulmonary Veins/abnormalities , Adult , Diagnosis, Differential , Emergency Treatment , Female , Hemothorax/diagnostic imaging , Hemothorax/etiology , Hemothorax/pathology , Hemothorax/surgery , Humans , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular/diagnostic imaging , Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular/etiology , Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular/pathology , Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular/surgery , Pregnancy Trimester, Third , Prenatal Care , Radiography , Rupture, Spontaneous , Thoracic Surgery, Video-AssistedABSTRACT
This survey examined the general health and the marital relationship of 122 Chinese menopausal women and their spouses attending hormone replacement clinics. Climacteric symptoms of the participants were assessed by the modified Greene Climacteric Scale (GCS). The psychological well-being of the participants and their spouses was assessed by the 12-item Chinese General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), and their marital quality was assessed by the Chinese Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS). The GCS scores of our cohort were significantly higher than that of a community-based sample of menopausal Chinese women. About one-third of the participants and one-fifth of their spouses suffered from reduced psychological well-being. Although the DAS total scores of the participants and their spouses were comparable to those of the adjusted couples in a younger population, the affectional DAS subscores were significantly lower. The GCS scores of the menopausal women were significantly positively correlated with their GHQ scores but negatively correlated with their DAS scores. In summary, the menopausal women attending the hormonal replacement clinics, especially those with more dimacteric symptoms, suffered from significant psychiatric morbidity and marital maladjustment. The psychological dimension of the menopause should never be neglected.
Subject(s)
Estrogen Replacement Therapy , Marriage/psychology , Menopause/psychology , Mental Disorders/psychology , Asian People , Female , Hong Kong , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
We report three cases of unsuspected pregnancy during hysterosalpingography (HSG) with different outcomes. In the first two cases, menstrual history was wrongly relied upon and no pregnancy tests had been performed. However, even with a negative pregnancy test carried out prior to the investigation, as in the third case, this was proven not to be foolproof. The outcome of our pregnancies involves one ectopic, one miscarriage and one normal term pregnancy. We advocate not relying solely on menstrual history and to be aware that even in cases where there is a negative pregnancy test before HSG, the patient can still be pregnant. Although the reporting of unsuspected pregnancy during HSG is rare, there is still a need to be alert, especially in high-risk patients with irregular, long menstrual cycles and unprotected intercourse prior to the investigation.
