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1.
J Med Chem ; 64(21): 15651-15670, 2021 11 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34699203

ABSTRACT

A series of diarylurea inhibitors of the cardiac-specific kinase TNNI3K were developed to elucidate the biological function of TNNI3K and evaluate TNNI3K as a therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Utilizing a structure-based design, enhancements in kinase selectivity were engineered into the series, capitalizing on the established X-ray crystal structures of TNNI3K, VEGFR2, p38α, and B-Raf. Our efforts culminated in the discovery of an in vivo tool compound 47 (GSK329), which exhibited desirable TNNI3K potency and rat pharmacokinetic properties as well as promising kinase selectivity against VEGFR2 (40-fold), p38α (80-fold), and B-Raf (>200-fold). Compound 47 demonstrated positive cardioprotective outcomes in a mouse model of ischemia/reperfusion cardiac injury, indicating that optimized exemplars from this series, such as 47, are favorable leads for discovering novel medicines for cardiac diseases.


Subject(s)
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 14/antagonists & inhibitors , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/antagonists & inhibitors , Urea/pharmacology , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/antagonists & inhibitors , Crystallography, X-Ray , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Design , Humans , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 14/metabolism , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism , Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/metabolism , Structure-Activity Relationship , Urea/analogs & derivatives , Urea/chemistry , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/metabolism
2.
ACS Med Chem Lett ; 12(6): 1005-1010, 2021 Jun 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34141085

ABSTRACT

We report herein the discovery of quinazolindiones as potent and selective tankyrase inhibitors. Elucidation of the structure-activity relationship of the lead compound 1g led to truncated analogues that have good potency in cells, pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, and excellent selectivity. Compound 21 exhibited excellent potencies in cells and proliferation studies, good selectivity, in vitro activities, and an excellent PK profile. Compound 21 also inhibited H292 xenograft tumor growth in nude mice. The synthesis, biological, pharmacokinetic, in vivo efficacy studies, and safety profiles of compounds are presented.

3.
ACS Med Chem Lett ; 10(8): 1228-1233, 2019 Aug 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31413810

ABSTRACT

GSK2798745, a clinical candidate, was identified as an inhibitor of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) ion channel for the treatment of pulmonary edema associated with congestive heart failure. We discuss the lead optimization of this novel spirocarbamate series and specifically focus on our strategies and solutions for achieving desirable potency, rat pharmacokinetics, and physicochemical properties. We highlight the use of conformational bias to deliver potency and optimization of volume of distribution and unbound clearance to enable desirable in vivo mean residence times.

4.
Neurogastroenterol Motil ; 31(4): e13479, 2019 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30311722

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The expression of RET in the developing enteric nervous system (ENS) suggests that RET may contribute to adult intestinal function. ENS cholinergic nerves play a critical role in the control of colonic function through the release of acetylcholine (ACh). In the current study, we hypothesized that a RET-mediated mechanism may regulate colonic ion transport and motility through modulation of cholinergic nerves. METHODS: The effect of RET inhibition on active ion transport was assessed electrophysiologically in rat colonic tissue mounted in Ussing chambers via measurements of short circuit current (Isc) upon electrical field stimulation (EFS) or pharmacologically with cholinergic agonists utilizing a gastrointestinal (GI)-restricted RET inhibitor. We assessed the effect of the RET inhibitor on propulsive motility via quantification of fecal pellet output (FPO) induced by the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor neostigmine. KEY RESULTS: We found that enteric ganglia co-expressed RET and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) transcripts. In vitro, the RET kinase inhibitor GSK3179106 attenuated the mean increase in Isc induced by either EFS or carbachol but not bethanechol. In vivo, GSK3179106 significantly reduced the prokinetic effect of neostigmine. CONCLUSION AND INFERENCES: Our findings provide evidence that RET-mediated mechanisms regulate colonic function by maintaining cholinergic neuronal function and enabling ACh-evoked chloride secretion and motility. We suggest that modulating the cholinergic control of the colon via a RET inhibitor may represent a novel target for the treatment of intestinal disorders associated with increased secretion and accelerated GI transit such as irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D).


Subject(s)
Cholinergic Neurons/drug effects , Colon/drug effects , Gastrointestinal Motility/drug effects , Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects , Ion Transport/drug effects , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Choline O-Acetyltransferase/metabolism , Cholinergic Agonists/pharmacology , Cholinergic Neurons/metabolism , Colon/metabolism , Defecation/drug effects , Enteric Nervous System/drug effects , Enteric Nervous System/metabolism , Gastrointestinal Transit/drug effects , Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism , Male , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Signal Transduction/drug effects
5.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther ; 368(2): 299-307, 2019 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30413627

ABSTRACT

Abdominal pain represents a significant complaint in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). While the etiology of IBS is incompletely understood, prior exposure to gastrointestinal inflammation or psychologic stress is frequently associated with the development of symptoms. Inflammation or stress-induced expression of growth factors or cytokines may contribute to the pathophysiology of IBS. Here, we aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of inhibiting the receptor of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, rearranged during transfection (RET), in experimental models of inflammation and stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity resembling IBS sequelae. In RET-cyan fluorescent protein [(CFP) RetCFP/+] mice, thoracic and lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia were shown to express RET, which colocalized with calcitonin gene-related peptide. To understand the role of RET in visceral nociception, we employed GSK3179106 as a potent, selective, and gut-restricted RET kinase inhibitor. Colonic hyperalgesia, quantified as exaggerated visceromotor response to graded pressures (0-60 mm Hg) of isobaric colorectal distension (CRD), was produced in multiple rat models induced 1) by colonic irritation, 2) following acute colonic inflammation, 3) by adulthood stress, and 4) by early life stress. In all the rat models, RET inhibition with GSK3179106 attenuated the number of abdominal contractions induced by CRD. Our findings identify a role for RET in visceral nociception. Inhibition of RET kinase with a potent, selective, and gut-restricted small molecule may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of IBS through the attenuation of post-inflammatory and stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity.


Subject(s)
Colon/enzymology , Disease Models, Animal , Irritable Bowel Syndrome/enzymology , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret/antagonists & inhibitors , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret/metabolism , A549 Cells , Animals , Cell Line, Tumor , Colon/drug effects , Female , Humans , Irritable Bowel Syndrome/drug therapy , Male , Mice , Mice, Transgenic , Pregnancy , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Rats , Rats, Long-Evans , Rats, Sprague-Dawley
6.
ACS Med Chem Lett ; 9(7): 623-628, 2018 Jul 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30034590

ABSTRACT

Abdominal pain and abnormal bowel habits represent major symptoms for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients that are not adequately managed. Although the etiology of IBS is not completely understood, many of the functions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are regulated by the enteric nervous system (ENS). Inflammation or stress-induced expression of growth factors or cytokines may lead to hyperinnervation of visceral afferent neurons in GI tract and contribute to the pathophysiology of IBS. Rearranged during transfection (RET) is a neuronal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase critical for the development of the ENS as exemplified by Hirschsprung patients who carry RET loss-of-function mutations and lack normal colonic innervation leading to colonic obstruction. Similarly, RET signaling in the adult ENS maintains neuronal function by contributing to synaptic formation, signal transmission, and neuronal plasticity. Inhibition of RET in the ENS represents a novel therapeutic strategy for the normalization of neuronal function and the symptoms of IBS patients. Herein, we describe our screening effort and subsequent structure-activity relationships (SARs) in optimizing potency, selectivity, and mutagenicity of the series, which led to the discovery of a first-in-class, gut-restricted RET kinase inhibitor, 2-(4-(4-ethoxy-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)-2-fluorophenyl)-N-(5-(1,1,1-trifluoro-2-methylpropan-2-yl)isoxazol-3-yl)acetamide (15, GSK3179106), as a clinical candidate for the treatment of IBS. GSK3179106 is a potent, selective, and gut-restricted pyridone hinge binder small molecule RET kinase inhibitor with a RET IC50 of 0.3 nM and is efficacious in vivo.

7.
ACS Med Chem Lett ; 9(2): 103-108, 2018 Feb 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29456796

ABSTRACT

Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) plays an important role in triglyceride synthesis and is a target of interest for the treatment of metabolic disorders. Herein we describe the structure-activity relationship of a novel tetralone series of DGAT1 inhibitors and our strategies for overcoming genotoxic liability of the anilines embedded in the chemical structures, leading to the discovery of a candidate compound, (S)-2-(6-(5-(3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)ureido)pyrazin-2-yl)-1-oxo-2-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)acetic acid (GSK2973980A, 26d). Compound 26d is a potent and selective DGAT1 inhibitor with excellent DMPK profiles and in vivo efficacy in a postprandial lipid excursion model in mice. Based on the overall biological and developability profiles and acceptable safety profiles in the 7-day toxicity studies in rats and dogs, compound 26d was selected as a candidate compound for further development in the treatment of metabolic disorders.

9.
ACS Med Chem Lett ; 8(5): 549-554, 2017 May 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28523109

ABSTRACT

Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is a member of the Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) superfamily of cation channels. TRPV4 is expressed in the vascular endothelium in the lung and regulates the integrity of the alveolar septal barrier. Increased pulmonary vascular pressure evokes TRPV4-dependent pulmonary edema, and therefore, inhibition of TRPV4 represents a novel approach for the treatment of pulmonary edema associated with conditions such as congestive heart failure. Herein we report the discovery of an orally active, potent, and selective TRPV4 blocker, 3-(1,4'-bipiperidin-1'-ylmethyl)-7-bromo-N-(1-phenylcyclopropyl)-2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-quinolinecarboxamide (GSK2193874, 28) after addressing an unexpected off-target cardiovascular liability observed from in vivo studies. GSK2193874 is a selective tool for elucidating TRPV4 biology both in vitro and in vivo.

10.
Blood Adv ; 1(26): 2553-2562, 2017 Dec 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29296907

ABSTRACT

Neutropenia is a common consequence of radiation and chemotherapy in cancer patients. The resulting immunocompromised patients become highly susceptible to potentially life-threatening infections. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is known to stimulate neutrophil production and is widely used as a treatment of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. A small-molecule G-CSF secretagogue without a requirement for refrigerated supply chain would offer a more convenient and cost-effective treatment of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. Bacterial lipopeptides activate innate immune responses through Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and induce the release of cytokines, including G-CSF, from macrophages, monocytes, and endothelial. Pam2CSK4 is a synthetic lipopeptide that effectively mimics bacterial lipoproteins known to activate TLR2 receptor signaling through the TLR2/6 heterodimer. Substrate-based drug design led to the discovery of GSK3277329, which stimulated the release of G-CSF in activated THP-1 cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. When administered subcutaneously to cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), GSK3277329 caused systemic elevation of G-CSF and interleukin-6 (IL-6), but not IL-1ß or tumor necrosis factor α, indicating a selective cytokine-stimulation profile. Repeat daily injections of GSK3277329 in healthy monkeys also raised circulating neutrophils above the normal range over a 1-week treatment period. More importantly, repeated daily injections of GSK3277329 over a 2-week period restored neutrophil loss in monkeys given chemotherapy treatment (cyclophosphamide, Cytoxan). These data demonstrate preclinical in vivo proof of concept that TLR2 agonism can drive both G-CSF induction and subsequent neutrophil elevation in the cynomolgus monkey and could be a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia.

11.
J Med Chem ; 58(18): 7431-48, 2015 Sep 24.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26355916

ABSTRACT

A series of cardiac troponin I-interacting kinase (TNNI3K) inhibitors arising from 3-((9H-purin-6-yl)amino)-N-methyl-benzenesulfonamide (1) is disclosed along with fundamental structure-function relationships that delineate the role of each element of 1 for TNNI3K recognition. An X-ray structure of 1 bound to TNNI3K confirmed its Type I binding mode and is used to rationalize the structure-activity relationship and employed to design potent, selective, and orally bioavailable TNNI3K inhibitors. Identification of the 7-deazapurine heterocycle as a superior template (vs purine) and its elaboration by introduction of C4-benzenesulfonamide and C7- and C8-7-deazapurine substituents produced compounds with substantial improvements in potency (>1000-fold), general kinase selectivity (10-fold improvement), and pharmacokinetic properties (>10-fold increase in poDNAUC). Optimal members of the series have properties suitable for use in in vitro and in vivo experiments aimed at elucidating the role of TNNI3K in cardiac biology and serve as leads for developing novel heart failure medicines.


Subject(s)
MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Purines/chemistry , Administration, Oral , Animals , Cell Line , Crystallography, X-Ray , Humans , Male , Protein Binding , Protein Conformation , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases , Purines/pharmacokinetics , Purines/pharmacology , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Structure-Activity Relationship , Sulfonamides/chemistry , Sulfonamides/pharmacokinetics , Sulfonamides/pharmacology
12.
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol ; 307(2): L158-72, 2014 Jul 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24838754

ABSTRACT

The treatment of acute lung injury caused by exposure to reactive chemicals remains challenging because of the lack of mechanism-based therapeutic approaches. Recent studies have shown that transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), an ion channel expressed in pulmonary tissues, is a crucial mediator of pressure-induced damage associated with ventilator-induced lung injury, heart failure, and infarction. Here, we examined the effects of two novel TRPV4 inhibitors in mice exposed to hydrochloric acid, mimicking acid exposure and acid aspiration injury, and to chlorine gas, a severe chemical threat with frequent exposures in domestic and occupational environments and in transportation accidents. Postexposure treatment with a TRPV4 inhibitor suppressed acid-induced pulmonary inflammation by diminishing neutrophils, macrophages, and associated chemokines and cytokines, while improving tissue pathology. These effects were recapitulated in TRPV4-deficient mice. TRPV4 inhibitors had similar anti-inflammatory effects in chlorine-exposed mice and inhibited vascular leakage, airway hyperreactivity, and increase in elastance, while improving blood oxygen saturation. In both models of lung injury we detected increased concentrations of N-acylamides, a class of endogenous TRP channel agonists. Taken together, we demonstrate that TRPV4 inhibitors are potent and efficacious countermeasures against severe chemical exposures, acting against exaggerated inflammatory responses, and protecting tissue barriers and cardiovascular function.


Subject(s)
Acute Lung Injury/chemically induced , TRPV Cation Channels/antagonists & inhibitors , Acute Lung Injury/drug therapy , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/chemistry , Chlorine/toxicity , HEK293 Cells , Humans , Hydrochloric Acid/toxicity , Male , Mice , Pneumonia/drug therapy , Rats , TRPV Cation Channels/agonists , TRPV Cation Channels/deficiency
13.
Assay Drug Dev Technol ; 11(5): 308-25, 2013 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23772552

ABSTRACT

Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) belongs to the family of ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubls) that can be reversibly conjugated to target-specific lysines on substrate proteins. Although covalently sumoylated products are readily detectible in gel-based assays, there has been little progress toward the development of robust quantitative sumoylation assay formats for the evaluation of large compound libraries. In an effort to identify inhibitors of ubiquitin carrier protein 9 (Ubc9)-dependent sumoylation, a high-throughput fluorescence polarization assay was developed, which allows detection of Lys-1201 sumoylation, corresponding to the major site of functional sumoylation within the transcriptional repressor trichorhino-phalangeal syndrome type I protein (TRPS1). A minimal hexapeptide substrate peptide, TMR-VVK1201TEK, was used in this assay format to afford high-throughput screening of the GlaxoSmithKline diversity compound collection. A total of 728 hits were confirmed but no specific noncovalent inhibitors of Ubc9 dependent trans-sumoylation were found. However, several diaminopyrimidine compounds were identified as inhibitors in the assay with IC50 values of 12.5 µM. These were further characterized to be competent substrates which were subject to sumoylation by SUMO-Ubc9 and which were competitive with the sumoylation of the TRPS1 peptide substrates.


Subject(s)
DNA-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods , Protein Interaction Mapping/methods , Spectrometry, Fluorescence/methods , Sumoylation/drug effects , Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors , Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes/antagonists & inhibitors , Binding Sites , Protein Binding , Repressor Proteins
14.
ACS Med Chem Lett ; 4(2): 293-6, 2013 Feb 14.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24900661

ABSTRACT

High-throughput screening and subsequent hit optimization identified 1-piperidinylbenzimidazoles, exemplified by compound 1, as TRPV4 inhibitors. Lead optimization identified potent TRPV4 blocker 19, which has good target activity and pharmacokinetic properties. Inhibitor 19 was then profiled in an in vivo rat model, demonstrating its ability to inhibit TRPV4-mediated pulmonary edema.

15.
Sci Transl Med ; 4(159): 159ra148, 2012 Nov 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23136043

ABSTRACT

Pulmonary edema resulting from high pulmonary venous pressure (PVP) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in heart failure (HF) patients, but current treatment options demonstrate substantial limitations. Recent evidence from rodent lungs suggests that PVP-induced edema is driven by activation of pulmonary capillary endothelial transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels. To examine the therapeutic potential of this mechanism, we evaluated TRPV4 expression in human congestive HF lungs and developed small-molecule TRPV4 channel blockers for testing in animal models of HF. TRPV4 immunolabeling of human lung sections demonstrated expression of TRPV4 in the pulmonary vasculature that was enhanced in sections from HF patients compared to controls. GSK2193874 was identified as a selective, orally active TRPV4 blocker that inhibits Ca(2+) influx through recombinant TRPV4 channels and native endothelial TRPV4 currents. In isolated rodent and canine lungs, TRPV4 blockade prevented the increased vascular permeability and resultant pulmonary edema associated with elevated PVP. Furthermore, in both acute and chronic HF models, GSK2193874 pretreatment inhibited the formation of pulmonary edema and enhanced arterial oxygenation. Finally, GSK2193874 treatment resolved pulmonary edema already established by myocardial infarction in mice. These findings identify a crucial role for TRPV4 in the formation of HF-induced pulmonary edema and suggest that TRPV4 blockade is a potential therapeutic strategy for HF patients.


Subject(s)
Heart Failure/complications , Membrane Transport Modulators/administration & dosage , Membrane Transport Modulators/therapeutic use , Pulmonary Edema/drug therapy , Pulmonary Edema/prevention & control , TRPV Cation Channels/antagonists & inhibitors , Administration, Oral , Animals , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Calcium/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Diuretics/pharmacology , Endothelium/drug effects , Endothelium/metabolism , Endothelium/pathology , Heart Failure/pathology , Heart Failure/physiopathology , Heart Rate/drug effects , Humans , In Vitro Techniques , Ion Channel Gating/drug effects , Lung/drug effects , Lung/metabolism , Lung/pathology , Membrane Transport Modulators/chemistry , Membrane Transport Modulators/pharmacology , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Permeability/drug effects , Protein Transport/drug effects , Pulmonary Edema/etiology , Pulmonary Edema/pathology , Rats , TRPV Cation Channels/metabolism , Water-Electrolyte Balance/drug effects
16.
Bioorg Med Chem Lett ; 20(15): 4587-92, 2010 Aug 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20594842
17.
20.
Bioorg Med Chem Lett ; 19(1): 27-30, 2009 Jan 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19058966

ABSTRACT

Endothelial lipase (EL) activity has been implicated in HDL catabolism, vascular inflammation, and atherogenesis, and inhibitors are therefore expected to be useful for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Sulfonylfuran urea 1 was identified in a high-throughput screening campaign as a potent and non-selective EL inhibitor. A lead optimization effort was undertaken to improve potency and selectivity, and modifications leading to improved LPL selectivity were identified. Radiolabeling studies were undertaken to establish the mechanism of action for these inhibitors, which were ultimately demonstrated to be irreversible inhibitors.


Subject(s)
Furans , Lipase/antagonists & inhibitors , Sulfonylurea Compounds/chemical synthesis , Animals , Cardiovascular Diseases/drug therapy , Drug Discovery , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Endothelium/enzymology , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Humans , Sulfonylurea Compounds/pharmacology
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