ABSTRACT
Shoulder disease is common in the athletic population and may arise as a consequence of a single traumatic episode or multiple repeated events. Associated labroligamentous injuries can result in substantial disability. Specific athletic and occupational activities result in predictable injury patterns. Imaging in general and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, in particular, are vital in establishing the correct diagnosis and excluding common mimicking conditions, to ensure timely and appropriate management. In this review, the utility of MR imaging and MR arthrography will be explored in evaluation of shoulder disease, taking into account normal variants of the labroligamentous complex. Subsequently, broad categories of labral lesions and instability, external and internal impingement, as well as nerve entrapment syndromes, will be discussed, while emphasizing their imaging findings in the clinical context and illustrating key features. More recent concepts of internal impingement and secondary subacromial impingement will also be clarified.
Subject(s)
Ligaments, Articular/injuries , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Shoulder Injuries , Wounds and Injuries/diagnosis , Contrast Media , HumansSubject(s)
Atrial Fibrillation/surgery , Catheter Ablation/adverse effects , Chest Pain/etiology , Dyspnea/etiology , Pulmonary Infarction/complications , Pulmonary Veno-Occlusive Disease/complications , Chest Pain/diagnosis , Dyspnea/diagnosis , Female , Humans , Lung/diagnostic imaging , Lung/pathology , Middle Aged , Pulmonary Infarction/diagnosis , Pulmonary Veno-Occlusive Disease/diagnosis , Radiography, Thoracic , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
We examined the production and secretion of fusion constructs containing alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase, the enzyme deficient in Sanfilippo B, and either wildtype TAT or modified TAT in cultured Spodoptera frugiperda cells. All constructs exhibited successful expression of active enzyme, suggesting the future possibility of utilizing TAT/alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase chimerae in enzyme replacement therapy.
