Assessing the Impact of Comorbid Hypercalcemia on Inpatient Outcomes of Patients With Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma During Admission for Chemotherapy.

Introduction Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) may be complicated by hypercalcemia at various stages of treatment. The impact of hypercalcemia on chemotherapy admission outcomes in DLBCL is not well described.  Methods In a retrospective analysis, using the National Inpatient Sample database (2018 - 2020), patients with DLBCL admitted for chemotherapy were dichotomized based on the presence of hypercalcemia. Our primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes included length of stay (LOS), total charge, rate of acute kidney injury (AKI), tumor lysis syndrome (TLS), hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, acute encephalopathy, septic shock, Clostridiodes difficile infection, acute respiratory failure, and venous thromboembolic events (VTE). Results We identified 78,955 patients, among whom 1,375 (1.74%) had hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia was associated with higher odds of all-cause mortality (aOR:3.05, p-value:0.020), TLS (aOR:8.81, p-value<0.001), acute metabolic encephalopathy (aOR:4.89, p-value<0.001), AKI (aOR:5.29, p-value<0.001), hyperkalemia (aOR:2.84, p-value:0.002), metabolic acidosis (aOR:3.94, p-value<0.001) and respiratory failure (aOR:2.29, p-value:0.007) and increased LOS by 1 day and total charge by 12, 501 USD. Conclusions In patients with DLBCL admitted for inpatient chemotherapy, those with hypercalcemia compared to a cohort without had higher odds of; all-cause mortality, TLS, AKI, acute encephalopathy, acute metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia, and acute respiratory failure as well as higher LOS and total charge.

Life-Threatening Fungal Infection in Richter Transformation of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma: A Case Report and Brief Review of Literature.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma is an indolent B cell lymphoproliferative malignancy typically affecting the elderly. Clinical outcomes of this condition have steadily improved as a result of advances in therapy. However, an increase in survival is accompanied by increased incidence of Richter transformation into an aggressive lymphoma. We present one such case and delve into its risk factors and associated complications. Exposure to increased lines of treatment appears to be a contributing factor in transformation, such that those with fewer than two lines of treatment are considered to have a lower risk of transformation. Fever, rapid lymph node involvement and drastic increases in lactate dehydrogenase, as seen in our patient, are concerning for transformation and treatment options include chemotherapy versus novel agent therapy. However, patients receiving therapy are at risk for adverse outcomes such as invasive infections, particularly in those receiving consolidation chemotherapy. Fungal infections such as Aspergillus and Candida are gaining prominence in the setting of neutropenia which adversely impact survival, but are underreported. Efforts to improve outcomes may include consideration of growth factor therapy in neutropenic patients and continuing to be vigilant for early signs of infection.