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1.
Clin Oral Investig ; 19(8): 1955-64, 2015 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25753978

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine the colonization of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in supra-gingival plaque samples and to determine their correlation with the prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) in Thai children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 344 Thai children, ages 3 and 5 years, were invited to participate in this study. Caries status of the children was examined. Supra-gingival plaque samples were collected. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to evaluate DNA levels of S. mutans and S. sobrinus. RESULTS: Eighty-five percent of the children were colonized by S. mutans and 50.9% of them were colonized by S. sobrinus. The prevalence of ECC was 43.8% and 56.2% among 3- and 5-year-old children, respectively, and was significantly associated with the presence of S. mutans and S. sobrinus. The severity of ECC was significantly correlated with increased DNA levels of the two bacteria. Children who were positive for S. mutans and S. sobrinus (Sm+/Sb+) were 8 times or 44 times more likely to experience ECC than children who were Sm-/Sb + or were Sm-/Sb-. CONCLUSIONS: The study evidence further suggest that children colonized by both S. mutans and S. sobrinus are at the higher risk for ECC. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Molecular-based qPCR can be used to detect and quantify S. mutans and S. sobrinus colonization for epidemiological and clinical studies for ECC risk assessment.


Subject(s)
Dental Caries/microbiology , Streptococcal Infections/microbiology , Streptococcus mutans/isolation & purification , Streptococcus sobrinus/isolation & purification , Child, Preschool , Dental Caries/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Male , Prevalence , Streptococcal Infections/epidemiology , Thailand/epidemiology
2.
Community Dent Oral Epidemiol ; 41(3): 212-23, 2013 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23106389

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether mode of delivery is associated with mutans streptococci (MS) colonization and early childhood caries (ECC) in preschool Thai children. METHODS: Three hundred and fifty mothers and their 3- to 5-year-old children (184 born vaginally and 166 born by Caesarean section) participated in the study. Data included a dental examination, MS colonization assessed by the Dentocult(®) SM Strip Mutans method, and a questionnaire survey of family socio-demographic information, as well as children's birth history, dietary habits, and oral health practices. RESULTS: Overall, ECC prevalence was 56% in 3-year-old and 78% in 5-year-old Thai children. Compared to children delivered by C-section, vaginally born children experienced increased ECC prevalence (73.8% versus 59.6%; P = 0.009) and were more likely to have higher MS scores (OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.1-2.9), adjusting for mother's gestational age, MS score, feeding practice habits; child's age and tooth brushing habits. Children's MS scores were highly correlated with their mothers' MS scores (P < 0.001). Additionally, children's age, MS colonization, and mothers' prechewing feeding habits were the most significant risk indicators for ECC in Thai children. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that mode of delivery is significantly correlated with MS colonization and caries outcomes in young Thai children. Future studies are needed to further understand the possible biological mechanisms linking mode of child delivery to the colonization of cariogenic microbiota and development of ECC.


Subject(s)
Dental Caries/microbiology , Streptococcus mutans/physiology , Streptococcus sobrinus/physiology , Age Factors , Bacterial Load , Birth Weight , Breast Feeding/statistics & numerical data , Candy/statistics & numerical data , Carbonated Beverages/statistics & numerical data , Cesarean Section/statistics & numerical data , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , DMF Index , Delivery, Obstetric/statistics & numerical data , Dental Caries/epidemiology , Feeding Behavior , Feeding Methods/statistics & numerical data , Female , Humans , Male , Maternal Age , Oral Hygiene/statistics & numerical data , Prevalence , Reagent Strips , Risk Factors , Streptococcus mutans/isolation & purification , Streptococcus sobrinus/isolation & purification , Thailand/epidemiology , Toothbrushing/statistics & numerical data , Weaning
3.
J Dent Res ; 87(4): 328-33, 2008 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18362313

ABSTRACT

In previous cross-sectional or case-control studies, clinical periodontal disease has been associated with gestational diabetes mellitus. To test the hypothesis that, in comparison with women who do not develop gestational diabetes mellitus, those who do develop it will have had a greater exposure to clinical and other periodontal parameters, we measured clinical, bacteriological (in plaque and cervico-vaginal samples), immunological, and inflammatory mediator parameters 7 weeks before the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus in 265 predominantly Hispanic (83%) women in New York. Twenty-two cases of gestational diabetes mellitus emerged from the cohort (8.3%). When the cases were compared with healthy control individuals, higher pre-pregnancy body mass index (p=0.004), vaginal levels of Tannerella forsythia (p=0.01), serum C-reactive protein (p=0.01), and prior gestational diabetes mellitus (p=0.006) emerged as risk factors, even though the clinical periodontal disease failed to reach statistical significance (50% in those with gestational diabetes mellitus vs. 37.3% in the healthy group; p=0.38).


Subject(s)
Diabetes, Gestational/etiology , Periodontal Diseases/microbiology , Adult , Bacteroides/isolation & purification , Body Mass Index , C-Reactive Protein/analysis , Cervix Uteri/microbiology , Cohort Studies , Colony Count, Microbial , Dental Plaque/microbiology , Diabetes, Gestational/immunology , Diabetes, Gestational/microbiology , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Gestational Age , Hispanic or Latino , Humans , Inflammation Mediators/analysis , New York , Periodontal Diseases/immunology , Periodontal Pocket/classification , Porphyromonas gingivalis/isolation & purification , Pregnancy , Recurrence , Risk Factors , Vagina/microbiology
4.
Infect Immun ; 63(11): 4317-22, 1995 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7591065

ABSTRACT

Adherence to extracellular matrix proteins, such as fibronectin, affords pathogens with a mechanism to invade injured epithelia. Streptococcus pneumoniae was found to adhere to immobilized fibronectin more avidly than other streptococci and staphylococci do. Binding was dose, time, and temperature dependent. Trypsin treatment of the bacteria resulted in decreased binding, suggesting that the bacterial adhesive component was a protein. Fragments of fibronectin generated by proteolysis or by expression of recombinant gene segments were compared for the ability to bind pneumococci and to compete against bacterial binding to immobilized fibronectin. Fragments from the carboxy-terminal heparin binding domain were consistently active, suggesting that this region contains the pneumococcal binding site, a region distinct from that supporting the attachment of most other bacteria.


Subject(s)
Bacterial Adhesion , Fibronectins/metabolism , Streptococcus pneumoniae/pathogenicity , Binding Sites , Binding, Competitive , Fibronectins/chemistry , Heparin/metabolism , Kinetics , Solubility
5.
J Neurochem ; 55(5): 1507-14, 1990 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2213007

ABSTRACT

Brain concentrations of salsolinol (SAL), a simple tetrahydroisoquinoline (sTIQ) condensation product of dopamine (DA) and acetaldehyde, are reported to increase in chow-fed rats drinking ethanol/H2O ad libitum. However, our analyses showed that rat chow contains traces of SAL and, as previously reported, appreciable 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), a sTIQ precursor. To examine the effect of consumption of ethanol in a DOPA- and SAL-free diet on endogenous sTIQs, we analyzed two brain regions and blood plasma of rats undergoing prolonged intake (3 weeks and 23 weeks) of liquid diet containing 6.6% ethanol or isocaloric carbohydrate. SAL and three other DA-related sTIQs were quantitated using capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in the selected ion mode with deuterated standards. In accord with studies on ethanol/chow-fed rats, sTIQ concentrations in hypothalamus were elevated after 3 weeks of ethanol, although after 23 weeks, hypothalamic sTIQs were either unchanged or reduced (O-methylated SAL). Furthermore, sTIQ concentrations in corpus striatum and, with one exception, plasma were not altered by ethanol ingestion for either duration. (However, 23 weeks of ethanol intake significantly reduced the striatal concentrations of DA and its acid metabolite, presumably reflecting neurotoxicity.) Reasoning that DOPA in diet might underlie the reported ethanol-dependent increases in striatal sTIQs, we found that L-DOPA supplementation (500 micrograms/rat/day) of EtOH/liquid diet-fed rats for 13 weeks tended to increase striatal SAL. Overall, the data indicate that elevations in endogenous sTIQ concentrations due to prolonged ethanol intake depend on the brain region, duration of intake, and even associated dietary constituents. In that regard, the higher striatal SAL concentrations in rats drinking ethanol ad libitum could have been facilitated by DOPA and perhaps SAL consumed in lab chow.


Subject(s)
Alcohol Drinking , Brain/metabolism , Diet , Isoquinolines/metabolism , Animal Feed , Animals , Chromatography, Gas , Corpus Striatum/metabolism , Deuterium , Hypothalamus/metabolism , Isoquinolines/blood , Levodopa/pharmacology , Male , Mass Spectrometry , Rats , Rats, Inbred Strains , Serotonin/metabolism , Time Factors
6.
Alcohol ; 4(6): 473-6, 1987.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3435635

ABSTRACT

A novel high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure has been developed for the quantitation of acetaldehyde in 50 microliter samples of primate whole blood during ethanol metabolism. This microassay has a minimum detectable concentration of about 0.1 microM, displays an intra-assay precision under 10%, and is linear over a reasonable concentration range. Of importance is that negligible acetaldehyde is generated artifactually from ethanol during blood analysis. The assay is based on the reaction of acetaldehyde with 1,3-cyclohexanedione and ammonium ion to form a water-soluble fluorogenic adduct, which is separated by reversed phase HPLC and quantitated fluorometrically. Propionaldehyde, added as an internal standard, forms an analogous separable adduct. Blood acetaldehyde concentrations in Rhesus monkeys were between 1-2 microM 150 min after acute administration of ethanol (1.5 g/kg). Traces of endogenous components which are chromatographically identical with cyclohexanedione adducts of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde also were apparent in blood from monkeys and humans not given ethanol.


Subject(s)
Acetaldehyde/blood , Ethanol/metabolism , Acetaldehyde/metabolism , Animals , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Fluorometry , Humans , Macaca mulatta , Male , Microchemistry/methods
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