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1.
Conserv Biol ; 34(1): 103-112, 2020 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31257646

ABSTRACT

More than half of the world's 18 penguin species are declining. We, the Steering Committee of the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission Penguin Specialist Group, determined that the penguin species in most critical need of conservation action are African penguin (Spheniscus demersus), Galápagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus), and Yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes). Due to small or rapidly declining populations, these species require immediate scientific collaboration and policy intervention. We also used a pairwise-ranking approach to prioritize research and conservation needs for all penguins. Among the 12 cross-taxa research areas we identified, we ranked quantifying population trends, estimating demographic rates, forecasting environmental patterns of change, and improving the knowledge of fisheries interactions as the highest priorities. The highest ranked conservation needs were to enhance marine spatial planning, improve stakeholder engagement, and develop disaster-management and species-specific action plans. We concurred that, to improve the translation of science into effective conservation for penguins, the scientific community and funding bodies must recognize the importance of and support long-term research; research on and conservation of penguins must expand its focus to include the nonbreeding season and juvenile stage; marine reserves must be designed at ecologically appropriate spatial and temporal scales; and communication between scientists and decision makers must be improved with the help of individual scientists and interdisciplinary working groups.


Aplicación de Ciencia en las Necesidades de Conservación Urgentes para los Pingüinos. Resumen Más de la mitad de las 18 especies de pingüinos del mundo están disminuyendo. Nosotros, el Comité Directivo de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza, Grupo de Especialistas en Pingüinos, determinamos que las especies de pingüinos con necesidades críticas de conservación son el pingüino africano (Spheniscus demersus), el pingüino de las Galápagos (Spheniscus mendiculus) y el pingüino de ojos amarillos (Megadyptes antipodes). Debido a que sus poblaciones son pequeñas o están declinando rápidamente, estos pingüinos requieren colaboración científica e intervención política inmediatas. También utilizamos un método de clasificación por pares para priorizar las necesidades de investigación y conservación para todas las especies de pingüinos. Entre las 12 áreas de investigación que identificamos, las más prioritarias fueron: cuantificación de las tendencias poblacionales, estimación de las tasas demográficas, predicción de las patrones de cambio ambiental y mejora del conocimiento de las interacciones con pesquerías. Las mayores necesidades de conservación fueron: optimizar la planificación marina espacial, mejorar la colaboración de las partes interesadas y desarrollar planes de manejo de desastres y de acción para cada especie. Coincidimos en que, para mejorar la traducción de la ciencia en la conservación efectiva de los pingüinos, la comunidad científica y los organismos financiadores deben reconocer la importancia de la investigación a largo plazo y apoyarla; la investigación sobre pingüinos y su conservación debe expandir su enfoque para incluir la época no reproductiva y la etapa juvenil; las reservas marinas deben ser diseñadas a escalas espaciotemporales ecológicamente apropiadas; y la comunicación entre científicos y tomadores de decisiones debe mejorar con la ayuda de científicos individuales y grupos de trabajo interdisciplinario.


Subject(s)
Spheniscidae , Animals , Conservation of Natural Resources , Fisheries , Species Specificity
2.
J Bras Ginecol ; 96(6): 267-70, 1986.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12268685

ABSTRACT

PIP: 46 pregnant teenagers were analyzed from the obstetric viewpoint, and the findings were correlated with an evaluation of theier newborns in their 1st days of life. The low index of concomitant pathologies shown in this Brazilian study could be related to the process of seeking prenatal care and the perceptual changes in the teenager's psychosocial profile. It was surprise to find that this group was seeking prenatal care; few adverse situation were observed. It is believed that in this clinic basic information on birth-related diet, hygiene, and physiology could be, and was, given to the pregnant teenager. Prenatal care is the most important factor in the evolution of pregnancy in this type of patient. The changes in the psychosocial patterns are created by those who are in contact with and influence the groups' school of thought on a daily basis. This small casuistry characterizes an important social situation that in some ways can contribute to new considerations. Prenatal care needs to be encouraged to combat the negative results arising from a lack of these services. The gap created between pediatricians and gynecologists, in which these teenagers find themselves, will be closed as these 2 professions are geared by training to care for the pregnant teenagers.^ieng


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Biology , Child Welfare , Delivery of Health Care , Health Services , Health , Maternal Health Services , Pregnancy in Adolescence , Pregnancy , Prenatal Care , Reproduction , Age Factors , Americas , Behavior , Brazil , Demography , Developed Countries , Developing Countries , Fertility , Latin America , Maternal-Child Health Centers , Population , Population Characteristics , Population Dynamics , Primary Health Care , Psychology , Sexual Behavior , South America
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