EGFR Mutation in Non-squamous Non-small-cell Lung Carcinoma (NS-NSCLC) in the Arab World: A systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is the most frequent cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The discovery of acquired genetic alterations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene involved in growth factor receptor signaling, has changed the way these cancers are diagnosed and treated. EGFR is more frequent in Asian, females, and non-smokers. Data regarding its prevalence in the Arab World remains limited. This paper aims at reviewing the data available for the prevalence of this mutation in the Arab patient population and comparing it with other international series. METHODS: PubMed and ASCO databases were used to conduct a literature search and 18 relevant studies were included. RESULTS: Overall, 1775 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were included in this analysis. 15.7% had an EGFR mutation and 56% of the mutated patients were females. 66% of EGFR mutated patients were nonsmokers. Exon 19 and exon 21 were, respectively the most and the second most prevalent mutation. CONCLUSIONS: The EGFR mutation frequency in Middle East and African patients lies between the frequency of Europe and North America. Like global data, it is more prevalent in females and non-smokers.

Routine laboratory testing in hemodialysis: how frequently is it needed?

BACKGROUND: Hemodialysis patients are followed by routine laboratory testing. There is uncertainty whether these tests always lead to a change in decision-making. This study aims to discover the number of yearly interventions/changes in prescription based on these tests and depict the group of patients who would benefit from reduced or increased laboratory blood tests. METHODS: This is a multi-center retrospective study that included patients on hemodialysis for more than one year. Laboratory data collected included yearly average of hemoglobin, urea reduction ratio (URR), serum phosphate, calcium, potassium, parathormone (PTH), ferritin and transferrin saturation (TSAT); changes in prescription of erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESAs), intravenous (IV) iron, alfacalcidol, phosphate binders and dialysis parameters were retrieved from medical records. A multivariate regression analysis assessed factors associated with high number of interventions. RESULTS: A total of 210 hemodialysis patients were included: 62.4% males, 47.1% diabetics. Their median age was 72 (62,78.5) years. Their laboratory parameters were within KDIGO targets. The median number of yearly interventions was 5 (3,7) for ESAs, 4 (2,6) for IV iron, 1 (0,2.25) for phosphate binders, 0 (0,1) for alfacalcidol. Based on the multivariate analysis, patients with higher ferritin, frequent changes in ESA, more changes in alfacalcidol and higher PTH had higher number of prescription's changes in ESA, IV iron, phosphate binders and alfacalcidol respectively. CONCLUSION: While maintaining KDIGO targets, therapeutic interventions following routine laboratory testing did not exceed six times yearly for all parameters. This suggests that a reduced testing frequency in hemodialysis patients is possible without any impact on quality of care. A personalized approach remains safe for hemodialysis patients while reducing the cost. This is very relevant in low-resource settings and during economic crises and needs to be evaluated in prospective studies.