ABSTRACT
The establishment of effective molecular interventions to improve memory and alleviate memory deficits in disease remains a long-standing challenge despite growing molecular understanding of synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Capitalizing on the fact that long-term potentiation (LTP) requires N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha (CaMKIIα), we develop an intrabody that targets NMDARs and show that intrabody-mediated postsynaptic enrichment of CaMKIIα in the hippocampus improves contextual fear memory. This molecular approach suggests a potential demand for effective targeting of postsynaptic molecules to enhance memory and provides insights into studying memory improvement in health and disease.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: With the ageing population, lower urinary tract symptoms are becoming more prevalent with an estimate that by 2025, 52 million adults in the USA will be affected. After lifestyle modifications fail to resolve symptoms, second-line therapy with medications is often recommended by both the European Association of Urology and the American Urological Association. Considering the vulnerability of older patients to co-morbidities, physicians must be more aware of adverse side effects. This study aims to identify a linkage between common overactive bladder and interstitial cystitis medication and adverse ocular symptoms. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycInfo, and HealthSTAR alongside a grey literature search in clinicaltrials.gov to include all articles relating to bladder medication and vision-threatening loss. Covidence review software was utilised to conduct the systematic review. RESULTS: In total, 222 articles were screened, and 23 articles met the inclusion criteria. Comprehensive coverage of 10 available medications was analysed. All medications reported adverse vision effects stratified over 15 categories. The most common adverse effect was reported to be blurred vision (n = 12 studies). Mirabegron had the most number of adverse types of ocular symptoms that covered 6 categories. Cizolirthine Citrate and Elocatitol had the least amount of ocular side effects reported. From the total of 8459 patients that were treated for either overactive bladder syndrome or interstitial cystitis with oral medications, 422 reported adverse vision effects. CONCLUSIONS: This review suggests that ocular safety should be assessed in patients requiring systematic drug therapy in order to guide future research, focussing on long-term tolerability.
