ABSTRACT
Bacterial RNP bodies (BR-bodies) are non-membrane-bound structures that facilitate mRNA decay by concentrating mRNA substrates with RNase E and the associated RNA degradosome machinery. However, the full complement of proteins enriched in BR-bodies has not been defined. Here we define the protein components of BR-bodies through enrichment of the bodies followed by mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis. We found 111 BR-body enriched proteins, including several RNA binding proteins, many of which are also recruited directly to in vitro reconstituted RNase E droplets, showing BR-bodies are more complex than previously assumed. While most BR-body enriched proteins that were tested cannot phase separate, we identified five that undergo RNA-dependent phase separation in vitro, showing other RNP condensates interface with BR-bodies. RNA degradosome protein clients are recruited more strongly to RNase E droplets than droplets of other RNP condensates, implying that client specificity is largely achieved through direct protein-protein interactions. We observe that some RNP condensates assemble with preferred directionally, suggesting that RNA may be trafficked through RNP condensates in an ordered manner to facilitate mRNA processing/decay, and that some BR-body associated proteins have the capacity to dissolve the condensate. Finally, we find that RNA dramatically stimulates the rate of RNase E phase separation in vitro, explaining the dissolution of BR-bodies after cellular mRNA depletion observed previously. Altogether, these results suggest that a complex network of protein-protein and protein-RNA interactions controls BR-body phase separation and RNA processing.
ABSTRACT
Bacteria face complex decisions when initiating developmental events such as sporulation, nodulation, virulence, and asymmetric cell division. These developmental decisions require global changes in genomic readout, and bacteria typically employ intricate (yet poorly understood) signaling networks that enable changes in cell function. The bacterium Caulobacter crescentus divides asymmetrically to yield two functionally distinct cells: a motile, chemotactic swarmer cell, and a sessile stalked cell with replication and division capabilities. Work from several Caulobacter labs has revealed that differentiation requires concerted regulation by several two-component system (TCS) signaling pathways that are differentially positioned at the poles of the predivisional cell (Figure 1). The strict unidirectional flow from histidine kinase (HK) to the response regulator (RR), observed in most studied TCS, is difficult to reconcile with the notion that information can be transmitted between two or more TCS signaling pathways. In this study, we uncovered a mechanism by which daughter cell fate, which is specified by the DivJ-DivK-PleC system and effectively encoded in the phosphorylation state of the single-domain RR DivK, is communicated to the CckA-ChpT-CtrA signaling pathway that regulates more than 100 genes for polar differentiation, replication initiation and cell division. Using structural biology and biochemical findings we proposed a mechanistic basis for TCS pathway coupling in which the DivL pseudokinase is repurposed as a sensor rather than participant in phosphotransduction.
ABSTRACT
Stimulation of synaptoneurosome suspensions by the neurotransmitter glutamate gives rise to rapid loading of ribosomes onto mRNA and increased incorporation of amino acids into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable polypeptides. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are responsible for this effect. Although simultaneous Ca2+ entry and mGluR stimulation do not change the response, entry of Ca2+ 30 s or 3 min before mGluR stimulation markedly depresses the polyribosomal loading. Either NMDA or ionophore (A23187) produces the depression. A calmodulin antagonist, W7, alleviates the effect, suggesting that inactivation of phospholipase A2 by calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase II is partially responsible for the phenomenon. Thus, interaction between different classes of glutamate receptors affects the control of protein translation at the synapse. This effect may partially explain recent observations of negative interactions between receptor classes in induction of long-term potentiation.
