The Impact of Rocuronium and Sugammadex on Length of Stay in Patients Undergoing Open Spine Surgery: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis.

Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS), an all-encompassing perioperative care approach, has been demonstrated to enhance surgical results, mitigate postoperative issues, and decrease the length of hospital stay (LOS) in diverse surgical specialties. In this retrospective study, our objective was to examine the influence of muscle relaxant selection on LOS and perioperative results in adult patients undergoing open spine surgery. Specifically, we compared 201 patients who received cisatracurium and neostigmine with 201 patients who received rocuronium and sugammadex, after 1:1 propensity score matching. The utilization of the rocuronium and sugammadex combination in anesthesia for open spinal surgery did not lead to a reduction in the LOS but was associated with a decreased incidence of postoperative chest radiographic abnormalities, including infiltration, consolidation, atelectasis, or pneumonia (p = 0.027). In our secondary analysis, multivariate analysis revealed multiple determinants influencing the prolonged LOS (>7 days) during open spine surgery. Bispectral index-guided anesthesia emerged as a protective factor, while variables such as excessive intraoperative blood loss and fluid administration as well as postoperative chest radiographic abnormalities independently contributed to prolonged LOS.

Density Spectral Array Enables Precise Sedation Control for Supermicrosurgical Lymphaticovenous Anastomosis: A Retrospective Observational Cohort Study.

Supermicrosurgical lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA) is a minimally invasive surgical technique that creates bypasses between lymphatic vessels and veins, thereby improving lymphatic drainage and reducing lymphedema. This retrospective single-center study included 137 patients who underwent non-intubated LVA in southern Taiwan. A total of 119 patients were enrolled and assigned to two study groups: the geriatric (age ≥ 75 years, n = 23) and non-geriatric groups (age < 75 years, n = 96). The primary outcome was to investigate and compare the arousal and maintenance of the propofol effect-site concentration (Ce) using an electroencephalographic density spectral array (EEG DSA) in both groups. The results showed that the geriatric group required less propofol (4.05 [3.73-4.77] mg/kg/h vs. 5.01 [4.34-5.92] mg/kg/h, p = 0.001) and alfentanil (4.67 [2.53-5.82] µg/kg/h vs. 6.68 [3.85-8.77] µg/kg/h, p = 0.047). The median arousal Ce of propofol among the geriatric group (0.6 [0.5-0.7] µg/mL) was significantly lower than that in patients aged ≤ 54 years (1.3 [1.2-1.4] µg/mL, p < 0.001), 55-64 years (0.9 [0.8-1.0] µg/mL, p < 0.001), and <75 years (0.9 [0.8-1.2] µg/mL, p < 0.001). In summary, the combined use of EEG DSA provides the objective and depth of adequate sedation for extensive non-intubated anesthesia in late-elderly patients who undergo LVA without perioperative complications.

Opioid-Sparing Analgesic Effects from Interscalene Block Impact Anesthetic Management During Shoulder Arthroscopy: A Retrospective Observational Study.

Purpose: Ultrasound-guided interscalene nerve block (UISB) is commonly used to alleviate postoperative pain during shoulder arthroscopy. This retrospective observational study aimed to evaluate the intraoperative advantages and analgesic effects of preoperative UISB. Patients and Methods: In this retrospective observational study, a total of 170 patients underwent shoulder arthroscopy at a tertiary medical center in southern Taiwan throughout 2019. After applying the exclusion criteria, 142 of these cases were included, with 74 and 68 in the UISB group and control groups, respectively. The primary outcome was the evaluation of intraoperative morphine milligram equivalent (MME) consumption. Secondary outcomes were sevoflurane consumption, the use of intraoperative antihypertensive drugs, and postoperative visual analog scale (VAS) scores in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) and in the ward at 24 h after surgery. Results: Preoperative UISB effectively reduced opioids and volatile gases during surgery, supported by a 48.1% and 14.8% reduction in the median intraoperative MME and sevoflurane concentrations, respectively, and showed less need for antihypertensive drugs. The preoperative UISB group also showed significantly better performance on the VAS in both the PACU and ward. Conclusion: Taken together, the preoperative UISB reduced not only intraoperative MME and sevoflurane consumption but also had satisfactory VAS scores in both the PACU and ward without any symptomatic respiratory complications. In summary, preoperative UISB is a reliable adjuvant analgesic technique and a key factor in achieving opioid-sparing and sevoflurane-sparing anesthesia and multimodal analgesia during shoulder arthroscopy.

Use of rocuronium and sugammadex for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery is associated with reduced duration of chest tube drainage: a propensity score-matched analysis.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the influence of different neuromuscular blocking agents and reversal agents during anaesthesia on early removal of chest tube drainage after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). METHODS: This retrospective single-centre study included patients who underwent VATS after tracheal intubation under general anaesthesia. Patients received either cisatracurium and neostigmine (n=547) or rocuronium and sugammadex (n=151). Quantitative neuromuscular monitoring was used and one chest tube (size 24 Fr) was inserted. To reduce potential bias, 140 patients from each group were matched by propensity score for sex, age, body mass index and indication for VATS. Primary outcome was duration of chest tube drainage after surgery. RESULTS: Use of rocuronium and sugammadex was associated with a shorter duration of chest tube drainage (2 [1-2] vs 2 [1-3] days; P=0.049) and a 63% reduction in delayed chest tube removal (odds ratio 0.37; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.20-0.67; P=0.005). This group also had a lower incidence of postoperative atelectasis (P=0.047) and consolidation (P=0.008). Each 1 h increase in the duration of anaesthesia was associated with a 1.57-fold increase in the delayed removal of the chest tube (95% CI: 1.25-1.96; P=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: During general anaesthesia for VATS, compared with cisatracurium and neostigmine, use of rocuronium and sugammadex was associated with a significant decrease in the incidence of postoperative delayed removal of the chest tube, atelectasis, and pulmonary consolidation.

Analgesic and Anesthetic Efficacy of Rocuronium/Sugammadex in Otorhinolaryngologic Surgery: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis.

The use of rocuronium/sugammadex in otorhinolaryngologic surgery improves intubation conditions and surgical rating scales. This study primarily aimed to evaluate the effect of the combination of rocuronium and sugammadex on intraoperative anesthetic consumption. The secondary outcomes were the intraoperative and postoperative morphine milligram equivalent (MME) consumption, duration of intraoperative hypertension, extubation time, incidence of delayed extubation and postoperative nausea and vomiting, pain score, and length of stay. A total of 2848 patients underwent otorhinolaryngologic surgery at a tertiary medical center in southern Taiwan. After applying the exclusion criteria, 2648 of these cases were included, with 167 and 2481 in the rocuronium/sugammadex and cisatracurium/neostigmine groups, respectively. To reduce potential bias, 119 patients in each group were matched by propensity scores for sex, age, body weight, and type of surgery. We found that the rocuronium/sugammadex group was associated with significant preservation of the intraoperative sevoflurane and MME consumption, with reductions of 14.2% (p = 0.009) and 11.8% (p = 0.035), respectively. The use of the combination of rocuronium and sugammadex also significantly increased the dose of intraoperative labetalol (p = 0.002), although there was no significant difference in intraoperative hypertensive events between both groups. In conclusion, our results may encourage the use of the combination of rocuronium and sugammadex as part of volatile-sparing and opioid-sparing anesthesia in otorhinolaryngologic surgery.

Are Risk Factors for Postoperative Significant Hemorrhage following Total Knee Arthroplasty Potentially Modifiable? A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is the treatment of choice for end-stage osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee, because it alleviates pain and restores function of the knee. However, TKA-associated hemorrhage and subsequent anemia remain a concern. Most previous studies have defined meaningful postoperative bleeding as blood loss > 500 mL or hemoglobin (Hb) drop > 20 g/L. Therefore, we defined significant hemorrhage as a postoperative Hb drop more than 20 g/L in this study, and we investigated possible risk factors related to significant hemorrhage in TKA and whether these risk factors are modifiable. This retrospective study was conducted through a comprehensive review of the perioperative records of patients with OA of the knee who underwent TKA between January 2009 and December 2015 at our hospital. Patients were allocated into two groups: patients in Group A had their Hb drop ≤ 20 g/L; patients in Group B had their Hb drop > 20 g/L. Factors analyzed included sex, age, body mass index (BMI), the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, comorbidities, preoperative platelet count, use of tranexamic acid (TXA), operation time, and type of anesthesia. A total of 3350 patients met the criteria for analysis, with 1782 patients allocated to Group A and 1568 patients to Group B. Five independent risk factors for significant hemorrhage were identified: male sex (odds ratio(OR), 1.29; 95% confidence interval(CI), 1.08−1.53; p = 0.005), age (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01−1.03; p = 0.001), use of TXA (OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.34−0.45; p < 0.001), spinal anesthesia versus general anesthesia (OR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.56−0.90; p = 0.004), and preoperative platelet count (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.93−0.98; p = 0.001). Of these identified risk factors, preoperative platelet count, use of TXA, and spinal anesthesia are modifiable. These potentially modifiable risk factors need to be taken into consideration when making both the perioperative care and anesthesia plan by surgeons and anesthesiologists, especially in patients at risk of significant hemorrhage.

Angiotensin II receptor blockers and oral squamous cell carcinoma survival: A propensity-score-matched cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) improve the survival rates of patients with various cancers. However, it remains unclear whether ARBs confer a survival benefit on patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Here, we assessed the associations between ARB use and survival in patients with OSCC of different stages. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a 10-year retrospective cohort study of OSCC patients. We enrolled 7,558 patients diagnosed with oral cancer between January 2007 and December 2017 whose details had been entered into the Chang Gung Research Database. Seven hundred and fourteen patients were recruited from the Chang Gung Research Database after performing 1:1 propensity score-matching between ARB users and non-users. Cox's regression models with adjusted covariates were employed to detect factors influencing the survival rates of patients with OSCC. RESULTS: Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the overall survival (OS) rate of 180-day ARB users increased (p = 0.038). Cox's regression models indicated that ARB use, younger patients, early-stage OSCC, and patients without diabetes mellitus were independently prognostic of improved OS. Increased OS was more prominent in 180-day ARB users in stage III, Iva, and IVb categories. CONCLUSIONS: ARB use for more than 180 days is associated with an increased survival rate and is a positive, independent prognostic factor in patients with OSCC. A further two-arm study should be conducted to confirm the clinical usefulness of ARBs in OSCC patients.

Is Prevention of Postoperative Vomiting Surgery Dependent? A Retrospective Cohort Study of Total Knee Arthroplasty.

The study of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) has been ongoing since the early days of general anesthesia. The search for risk factors of PONV and the development of new agents to treat PONV are the two main strategies to combat the adverse side effects of general anesthesia. Female sex, non-smoking status, a history of PONV/motion sickness, and postoperative opioid use are the four independent risk factors for PONV derived after a series of prospective studies, evidence-based systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. The two frequently asked questions that arise ask whether risk factors apply to different clinical settings and whether prevention measures of PONV can be surgery dependent. We conducted a comprehensive review of 665 patients who underwent primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) between January and December 2019. As nausea is subjective and its measurement is not standardized, postoperative vomiting (POV) was used as a study endpoint. The exclusion criteria were desflurane anesthesia, spinal anesthesia, anesthesia without bispectral index monitoring, and day surgery. Three well-recognized risk factors, consisting of body weight, sevoflurane consumption, and postoperative opioid consumption, were not considered as independent risk factors of POV, while female sex, preoperative adductor canal block (ACB), and dexamethasone were identified as being so in this study. The risk of POV in the female sex was 2.49 times that in the male sex; however, when dexamethasone was used, this risk was reduced by >40% compared with no antiemetic use, and by >50% when patients received preoperative ACB compared with those without the block. The clinical characteristics of our TKA patients-female dominance, old age, and their fairly constant body weights that were distinct from those of other surgical patients-suggested that age may play a crucial role in determining the relative contributions of the different risk factors of POV. We concluded that risk factors of POV are dependent on clinical settings. Based on these results, it is reasonable to speculate that a surgery-dependent plan for the prevention of POV is feasible for patients in similar clinical settings.

Comparison of video-stylet and video-laryngoscope for endotracheal intubation in adults with cervical neck immobilisation: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of video-stylet versus video-laryngoscope for tracheal intubation in patients with cervical spine immobilisation, which is known to impede the intubation process, remains unclear. METHODS: We searched electronic databases including EMBASE, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library for randomised controlled trials comparing video-stylets with video-laryngoscopes in human subjects with cervical spine immobilisation from inception to the 25th of January 2021. The primary outcome was the rate of successful first-attempt intubation, while secondary outcomes included overall intubation success rate, time for successful intubation, and risk of tissue damage. RESULTS: Five trials (709 patients) published between 2009 and 2020 met the inclusion criteria. There were four types of video-stylets and three types of video-laryngoscopes examined. Hard cervical collar was applied in four studies, while manual inline stabilisation was used in one study for cervical immobilisation. There was no difference in successful first-attempt intubation rate between the video-stylet and the video-laryngoscope groups [risk ratio (RR) = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.90-1.03, p = 0.3; I2 = 47%] (5 trials, 709 patients). The overall success rate (RR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.96-1.0, p = 0.05; I2 = 0%), intubation time [mean difference (MD) = 5.24, 95% CI: -8.95 to 19.43, p = 0.47; I2 = 92%], and risk of tissue damage (RR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.26-2.85, p = 0.81; I2 = 39%) were also comparable between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study validates the efficacy of both video-stylets and video-laryngoscopes for tracheal intubation in the situation of cervical spine immobilisation. Further large-scale trials are warranted to support our findings in this clinical setting.

Is There an Optimal Timing of Adductor Canal Block for Total Knee Arthroplasty?-A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Adductor canal block (ACB) has gained popularity for postoperative pain control after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, its role in TKA has been questioned recently. Our study aimed to clarify the role of ACB in reducing postoperative pain after TKA and to elucidate an optimal timing to perform ACB for better outcomes. We conducted a comprehensive review of the perioperative records of 652 patients undergoing primary TKA from January 2019 to December 2019. Patients were divided into three groups: Group A received general anesthesia without ACB, Group B received ACB before inducing general anesthesia, and Group C received ACB at the post-anesthesia recovery unit (PACU). Patients in Groups B and C had lower pain visual analogue scale (VAS) scores than patients in Group A at the PACU. Opioid consumption was similar among the three groups; however, a slightly higher dose was required by Group A patients. Higher VAS scores were recorded in the ward in Group A than in Groups B and C with the leg at rest. In addition, higher VAS scores were recorded in Group A than in Groups B and C with the leg in continuous passive motion (CPM) training. More patients in Group A (34.9%) quit their first CPM training after a few cycles than those in Groups B (27.0%) and C (20.1%). Group A patients required a higher per kg dose of opioids in the ward than Groups B and C patients. Additionally, the hourly consumption of sevoflurane was similar among the three groups of patients, while Group A and C patients required a higher hourly per kg dose of intraoperative opioids than Group B patients. More patients in Group A (67.6%) and C (61.7%) developed intraoperative hypertension than patients in Group B (52.7%). There was no significant difference in PON (postoperative nausea), POV (postoperative vomiting), postoperative dizziness, or patient satisfaction among the three groups of patients. Group A patients had a longer length of hospital stay compared to Group B and C patients. In conclusion, preoperative ACB could be a better choice for patients undergoing TKA as it decreases intraoperative opioid consumption and facilitates a stable hemodynamic state during surgery.

Risk Factors of Postoperative Vomiting in the Eye of "Real-World Evidence"-Modifiable and Clinical Setting-Dependent Risk Factors in Surgical Trauma Patients.

Numerous studies on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) have been carried out since the early days of contemporary surgery. The incidence of PONV has been greatly reduced in recent years and new drugs for PONV keep evolving in the market; however, a substantial number of patients are still under the threat of PONV. Female gender, non-smokers, a history of PONV/motion sickness, and postoperative opioid use are four well-recognized risk factors of PONV. Many potential risk factors reported in previous studies were not consistently presented as predictors for PONV. Two questions then arise; are risk factors clinical setting dependent and are risk factors modifiable? We attempted to answer the questions through a comprehensive review of perioperative records of surgical patients from the Trauma Department of our hospital. As nausea is subjective and no standard is applicable for its measurement, postoperative vomiting (POV) was used as an endpoint in this study. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to address the POV issue in surgical trauma patients. A total of 855 patients were enrolled in this study after excluding age below 20 years old, total intravenous anesthesia, desflurane anesthesia, or records with missing data. Our results showed that female gender (OR 4.89) is the strongest predicting factor, followed by a less potent predicting factor-more intraoperative opioid consumption (OR 1.07)-which favor more POV. More intraoperative crystalloid supply (OR 0.71) and a higher body weight (OR 0.9) favor less POV. Other potential risk factors did not reach statistical significance in this study as independent risk factors. Our results also showed that when the intraoperative crystalloid infusion rate is greater than 4 mL/kg/h (OR 0.20), it favors a lower rate of POV; when intraoperative opioid consumption is greater than 12 mg morphine equivalents, MME (OR 1.87), it favors a higher rate of POV. We concluded that dominance of any independent risk factor over other risk factors depends on how individual factors interact with the clinical setting. Some risk factors could be modified, and a cut-off value could be derived to facilitate a better plan for POV prevention.

"A real-world evidence" in reduction of volatile anesthetics by BIS-guided anesthesia.

Many well-controlled clinical studies have shown that BIS-guided anesthesia could prevent intraoperative awareness and improve postoperative morbidity and mortality, by optimizing the amount of volatile anesthetics administered to patients. However, we questioned if the previously reported advantages of BIS-guided anesthesia in controlled studies would still apply in real-world settings. This retrospective study based on real-world settings clarified the role of BIS-guided anesthesia in reducing anesthetic consumption. We obtained anesthesia records from an electronic database of a medical center in southern Taiwan. A total of 6,713 cases were enrolled, where 1,324 cases receiving sevoflurane underwent BIS-guided anesthesia and 378 received desflurane; further, 3,819 receiving sevoflurane underwent standard anesthesia practice and 1,192 cases received desflurane. The median (25-75% interquartile values) of the average hourly consumption of sevoflurane or desflurane decreased significantly under BIS-guided anesthesia [10.5 (8.7-13.0) mL/h and 17.4 (13.7-21.1) mL/h, respectively] compared to that under standard anesthesia practice [11.4 (9.0-14.5) mL/h, and 20.2 (15.8-25.0), mL/h, respectively]. Furthermore, the average hourly consumption of these two volatile anesthetics varied inversely with age and anesthesia time in both groups. A significant reduction was found in the hourly consumption of volatile anesthetics in patients under BIS-guided anesthesia compared to standard anesthesia practice in different age groups or different anesthesia time. We concluded that BIS-guided anesthesia could reduce consumption of volatile anesthetics in real-world settings as well.

Implementation of an Anaesthesia Quality Improvement Programme to Reduce Fibreoptic Bronchoscope Repair Incidents.

BACKGROUND: This study was aimed at investigating the effectiveness of the implementation of a comprehensive quality improvement programme (QIP) for reducing the repair rate of the fibreoptic bronchoscope (FOB). METHODS: A three-stage improvement strategy was implemented between January 2013 and December 2016. Stage one is the acquisition of information on violations of practice guidelines, repair rate, cost of repair, and incidence of unavailability of FOB during anaesthesia induction of the previous year through auditing. Stage two is the implementation of a quality improvement campaign (QIC) based on the results of stage one. Stage three is the programme perpetuation through monitoring compliance with policy on FOB use by regular internal audits. The effectiveness was retrospectively analyzed on a yearly basis. RESULTS: The annual repair rate, repair cost, and incidence of FOB unavailability before the QIP implementation were 1%, 18,757 USD, and 1.4%, respectively. After QIC, the repair rate in 2013 dropped by 81% (from 1% in 2012 to 0.19% in 2013, p < 0.05). The annual repair cost fell by 32% from 18,758 USD (2012) to 12,820 USD (2013). Besides, the incidence of FOB unavailability plummeted by 71% from 1.4% to 0.4% during the same period. The annual repair rates and incidence of FOB unavailability remained lower in subsequent three years than those before QIP implementation. CONCLUSION: Implementation of a quality improvement programme was effective for reducing the rate and cost of FOB repair as well as unavailability rate, highlighting its beneficial impact on cost-effectiveness and patient safety in a tertiary referral center setting.

Bispectral Index and non-Bispectral Index anesthetic protocols on postoperative recovery outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: The study aimed to compare Bispectral Index (BIS) and non-BIS anesthetic protocols on postoperative recovery outcomes. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Medline, PubMed, Cochrane, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases were searched until January 21, 2016. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Twenty-six studies were included with a total of 9537 patients. BIS monitoring was significantly associated with shorter time to eye opening (P=0.001), time to extubation (P<0.001), and time to orientation (P=0.002) compared with non-BIS monitoring. No difference between groups was seen with respect to hypoxemia, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), time to oral fluid intake, and length of Postanesthesia Care Unit (PACU) stay (P values ≥0.185). CONCLUSIONS: The use of BIS-monitoring is superior to non-BIS monitored anesthesia in terms of shorter time to eye-opening, extubation, and orientation. BIS monitor may be considered a safe and effective method for monitoring depth of anesthesia during surgery.