ABSTRACT
Betel vine (Piper betle L.) is a dioecious plant and has paved way for researchers to explore the available genetic resources for the biochemical compounds. In the study, twenty sexually dimorphic genotypes of betel vine were characterized for bio-compounds using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD), and as a result identified phenolic compounds and organic acids, including caffeic acid, salicylic acid, t-ferulic acid, sinapic acid, p-coumaric acid, t-cinnamic acid, gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, gluconic acid, oxalic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, malonic acid, citric acid, and succinic acid. The phenolics and organic acids in the male genotypes were more than the female genotypes; this insight of phytochemicals variability could aid in the gender differences. However, the highest phenolic contents was found in the Kapoori Chintalapudi (68.77 mg/100 g), followed by Kapoori Bihar (67.03 mg/100 g) and Ghanegatte (63.31 mg/100 g) genotypes. The abundance of biomolecules was found in the order, namely gallic acid, sinapic acid, caffeic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, and malonic acid in regardless of gender. The chemical profile of sexual dimorphs in betel vine and serve as a possible index for gender differentiation. The principal component analysis showed the hierarchical grouping of the genotypes based on the phenolic compounds and organic acids; thereby the divergent genotypes Kapoori Chintalapudi, Ghanaghette, Kapoori Bihar, and Sirugamani-1 were identified for phenolic acid richness. Similarly, CARI-6, Halisahar Sanchi, Kapoori Bihar, and Gangarampur Sanchi were identified for organic acids richness which can be promoted for commercial cultivation. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03907-2.
ABSTRACT
The cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley and papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) are becoming major threats to the production of Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae) in India. Management mainly depends on chemical insecticides which cause a serious problem of pesticide residue and insecticide resistance. The use of biorational insecticides such as biopesticides, botanicals, insect growth regulators, and microbial insecticides is important components of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program for successful management. We evaluated the bio-efficacy of twelve biorational insecticides, including entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), using the leaf spray method in laboratory conditions at 25 ± 1 °C, 70 % ± 5 % RH. The results revealed that the highest percent mortality was recorded by acetamiprid 20 % SP (100.00 %), followed by azadirachtin (98.27 %), Lecanicillium muscarium (2 × 109 spores/mL) (85.70 %) and Ocimum sanctum leaf extract (76.87 %) at 120 h after treatment (HAT) in P. solenopsis. In P. marginatus, 100.00 %, 96.39 % and 85.67 % and 74.90 % mortalities were achieved by acetamiprid 20 % SP, azadirachtin, L. muscarium (2 × 109 spores/mL) and O. sanctum leaf extract, respectively, at 120 HAT during the first spray. Various biorational insecticides showed a more or less similar trend of percent mortality in both species during the second spray. In both species, the lowest percent mortality was recorded by Andrographis paniculata leaf extract (46.29, 44.54) and (41.03, 46.39) at 120 Hours after treatment in the first and second spray, respectively. It was concluded that all the prescribed treatments are more effective than the control. Overall, azadirachtin recorded the highest percent mortality after acetamiprid and had the shortest LT50 (12.52 h) and (13.87 h) values in P. solenopsis and P. marginatus, respectively. Our study emphasizes that biopesticides like Azadirachtin 1 % EC (10000 ppm), L. muscarium (2 × 109 spores/mL) (5 mL/L) and O. sanctum leaf extract (5 %) may be recommended as alternatives to synthetic insecticides. Botanicals and EPF would be the most effective approach for sustainable integrated management of P. solenopsis and P. marginatus in the G. sylvestre ecosystem.
