ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: A new non-toxic soybean oil-based polymeric surfactant (SBPS) for personal-care products was developed and extensively characterized, including an evaluation of the polymeric surfactant performance in model shampoo formulations. METHODS: To experimentally assure applicability of the soy-based macromolecules in shampoos, either in combination with common anionic surfactants (in this study, sodium lauryl sulfate, SLS) or as a single surface-active ingredient, the testing of SBPS physicochemical properties, performance and visual assessment of SBPS-based model shampoos was carried out. RESULTS: The results obtained, including foaming and cleaning ability of model formulations, were compared to those with only SLS as a surfactant as well as to SLS-free shampoos. Overall, the results show that the presence of SBPS improves cleaning, foaming, and conditioning of model formulations. CONCLUSIONS: SBPS-based formulations meet major requirements of multifunctional shampoos - mild detergency, foaming, good conditioning, and aesthetic appeal, which are comparable to commercially available shampoos. In addition, examination of SBPS/SLS mixtures in model shampoos showed that the presence of the SBPS enables the concentration of SLS to be significantly reduced without sacrificing shampoo performance.
Subject(s)
Hair Preparations/chemistry , Hair/chemistry , Polymers/chemistry , Soybean Oil/chemistry , Surface-Active Agents/chemistry , Humans , Micelles , ViscosityABSTRACT
Some general population norms for the Spielberger, Johnson et al. (1984) Anger Expression Scale (AX) are reported for a sample of over 1000 adults tested in a general health survey of a New Zealand community. Factor analysis confirmed the independence of the Anger/In and Anger/Out subscales, and the measure was found to have satisfactory levels of reliability.
Subject(s)
Anger , Personality Inventory , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Health Surveys , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , New Zealand , Psychometrics , Reference ValuesABSTRACT
Normative statistics are provided for the UCLA Loneliness Scale based on the results of a sample of 978 adult subjects collected during a general population health survey. Factor analysis of the data revealed that the scale had a two factor structure; positively worded items loaded on one factor and negatively worded items on the other. Results from the factor analysis were used to construct two equivalent 10-item short forms of the scale. Previous findings that the scale is highly reliable were confirmed.
