ABSTRACT
Children and adolescents today are the first generation raised in a society in which technological literacy is essential for effective citizenship in the 21st century. With many more youth using digital technologies for educational and recreational purposes, there has been an increase in social problems in cyberspace, exposing them to different forms of cyberviolence. This article gives an overview of the developments in cyberspace, describes different types of cyberviolence, and focuses on cyberbullying among girls and adolescent females as both victims and perpetrators of cyberbullying. At-risk online activities among girls and adolescent females as well as strategies to promote cybersafety are presented. Current research and future directions for research are reviewed.
Subject(s)
Adolescent Behavior/psychology , Child Abuse, Sexual/prevention & control , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Internet , Sexual Harassment/prevention & control , Women's Health , Adolescent , Adult , Child Abuse, Sexual/psychology , Female , Humans , Interpersonal Relations , Research Design , Risk-Taking , Sexual Harassment/psychology , United StatesABSTRACT
p14ARF tumour suppressor stabilises and activates p53 by directly interacting with (H)Mdm2 [(human) murine double minute 2 homologue] and inhibiting its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Here we demonstrate that p14ARF promotes accumulation of (H)Mdm2 conjugated to the small ubiquitin-like protein SUMO-1. Mutational analysis demonstrated that the N-terminus of Mdm2 is a target for p14ARF-mediated SUMO conjugation. SUMO modification requires residues 2-14 in p14ARF that interact with (H)Mdm2 and residues 82-101 in exon 2 involved in nucleolar localisation of p14ARF. These data suggest a novel role for p14ARF as a regulator of activity of (H)Mdm2, which could be related to its tumour suppressing activities.
