Subject(s)
Coronavirus Infections/complications , Heart Arrest/etiology , Heart Arrest/mortality , Hospital Mortality/trends , Outcome Assessment, Health Care , Pneumonia, Viral/complications , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/complications , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , COVID-19 , Cause of Death , Cohort Studies , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Critical Illness/mortality , Critical Illness/therapy , Female , Heart Arrest/therapy , Hospitals, Teaching , Humans , Intensive Care Units , Male , Middle Aged , New York City , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/therapy , Sex FactorsABSTRACT
Calpains are calcium-regulated cysteine proteases that have been implicated in the regulation of cell death pathways. Here, we used our calpain-1 null mouse model to evaluate the function of calpain-1 in neural degeneration following a rodent model of traumatic brain injury. In vivo, calpain-1 null mice show significantly less neural degeneration and apoptosis and a smaller contusion 3 days post-injury than wild type littermates. Protection from traumatic brain injury corroborated with the resistance of calpain-1 neurons to apoptosis induced by oxidative stress. Biochemical analysis revealed that caspase-3 activation, extracellular calcium entry, mitochondrial membrane permeability, and release of apoptosis-inducing factor from mitochondria are partially blocked in the calpain-1 null neurons. These findings suggest that the calpain-1 knock-out mice may serve as a useful model system for neuronal protection and apoptosis in traumatic brain injury and other neurodegenerative disorders in which oxidative stress plays a role.
Subject(s)
Apoptosis/physiology , Brain Injuries/metabolism , Brain Injuries/pathology , Calpain/genetics , Calpain/metabolism , Oxidative Stress/physiology , Animals , Apoptosis Inducing Factor/metabolism , Calcium/metabolism , Caspase 3/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Mitochondrial Membranes/metabolism , Nerve Degeneration/metabolism , Nerve Degeneration/pathology , Neurons/metabolism , Neurons/pathology , RNA, Small Interfering/geneticsSubject(s)
Deglutition Disorders/surgery , Foreign-Body Migration/diagnostic imaging , Gastroesophageal Reflux/surgery , Prostheses and Implants/adverse effects , Deglutition Disorders/complications , Gastroesophageal Reflux/etiology , Humans , Prostheses and Implants/standards , Prostheses and Implants/trends , Prosthesis Failure , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
A case of an anomalous extrahepatic biliary system is reported in which the right hepatic duct was found to enter the infundibulum of the gallbladder. In this case, a selective intraoperative cholangiography has prevented a possible major iatrogenic injury.
