Cutaneous Metastasis from Breast Carcinoma: a brief report of a rare variant and proposed morphological classification.

BACKGROUND: Breast carcinoma is the second commonest cancer in women after non-melanoma skin cancers and, excluding melanoma, the most common tumor to metastasize to the skin in women. Cutaneous metastasis from breast cancer has varied presentations but there is no well-established classification which includes them all. OBJECTIVE AND CONCLUSION: We report a 69 year-old lady with advanced primary ductal carcinoma of right breast (cT4cN1cM0) who presented five months after radical mastectomy with very extensive cutaneous metastases in absence of distant spread. Skin involvement was in the form of nodules and purpuric papulo-vesicles on a background of erythema which clinically mimicked lymphatic malformation. We also propose a morphological classification of the cutaneous metastasis from breast cancer. KEYWORDS: Breast Carcinoma, Cutaneous metastasis, lymphatic malformation.

Algorithms for automated characterization of cell populations in thick specimens from 3-D confocal fluorescence microscopy data.

Methods are presented for the automated, quantitative and three-dimensional (3-D) analysis of cell populations in thick, essentially intact tissue sections while maintaining intercell spatial relationships. This analysis replaces current manual methods which are tedious and subjective. The thick sample is imaged in three dimensions using a confocal scanning laser microscope. The stack of optical slices is processed by a 3-D segmentation algorithm that separates touching and overlapping structures using localization constraints. Adaptive data reduction is used to achieve computational efficiency. A hierarchical cluster analysis algorithm is used automatically to characterize the cell population by a variety of cell features. It allows automatic detection and characterization of patterns such as the 3-D spatial clustering of cells, and the relative distributions of cells of various sizes. It also permits the detection of structures that are much smaller, larger, brighter, darker, or differently shaped than the rest of the population. The overall method is demonstrated for a set of rat brain tissue sections that were labelled for tyrosine hydroxylase using fluorescein-conjugated antibodies. The automated system was verified by comparison with computer-assisted manual counts from the same image fields.