Recent development and challenges in fuel cells and water electrolyzer reactions: an overview.

Water electrolysis is the most promising method for the production of large scalable hydrogen (H2), which can fulfill the global energy demand of modern society. H2-based fuel cell transportation has been operating with zero greenhouse emission to improve both indoor and outdoor air quality, in addition to the development of economically viable sustainable green energy for widespread electrochemical applications. Many countries have been eagerly focusing on the development of renewable as well as H2-based energy storage infrastructure to fulfill their growing energy demands and sustainable goals. This review article mainly discusses the development of different kinds of fuel cell electrocatalysts, and their application in H2 production through various processes (chemical, refining, and electrochemical). The fuel cell parameters such as redox properties, cost-effectiveness, ecofriendlyness, conductivity, and better electrode stability have also been highlighted. In particular, a detailed discussion has been carried out with sufficient insights into the sustainable development of future green energy economy.

Recent Developments in Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Fuel Cell Applications: A Review.

Carbon-based nanocomposites have developed as the most promising and emerging materials in nanoscience and technology during the last several years. They are microscopic materials that range in size from 1 to 100 nanometers. They may be distinguished from bulk materials by their size, shape, increased surface-to-volume ratio, and unique physical and chemical characteristics. Carbon nanocomposite matrixes are often created by combining more than two distinct solid phase types. The nanocomposites that were constructed exhibit unique properties, such as significantly enhanced toughness, mechanical strength, and thermal/electrochemical conductivity. As a result of these advantages, nanocomposites have been used in a variety of applications, including catalysts, electrochemical sensors, biosensors, and energy storage devices, among others. This study focuses on the usage of several forms of carbon nanomaterials, such as carbon aerogels, carbon nanofibers, graphene, carbon nanotubes, and fullerenes, in the development of hydrogen fuel cells. These fuel cells have been successfully employed in numerous commercial sectors in recent years, notably in the car industry, due to their cost-effectiveness, eco-friendliness, and long-cyclic durability. Further; we discuss the principles, reaction mechanisms, and cyclic stability of the fuel cells and also new strategies and future challenges related to the development of viable fuel cells.

A facile synthesis of carbocycle-fused mono and bis-1,2,3-selenadiazoles and their antimicrobial and antimycobacterial studies.

A series of mono and bis-1,2,3-selenadiazole derivatives have been synthesized by the oxidative cyclization of mono and bis semicarbazones of 2-(3-oxo-1,3-diarylpropyl)-1-cyclohexanones using selenium(IV) oxide. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 11632) and Candida albicans (ATCC 90028) and in vitro antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (MTB). Among these compounds, 1,3-di(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,2,3-benzoselenadiazol-4-yl)-1-propanone (2h) and 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,2,3-benzoselenadiazol-4-yl)-1-propanone (2g) were found to be the most active compounds with MIC of 3.3 and 3.5 µM respectively against MTB.

Synthesis of 3-heteroarylthioquinoline derivatives and their in vitro antituberculosis and cytotoxicity studies.

A series of 3-heteroarylthioquinoline derivatives has been synthesized by the Friedlander annulation of 2-[(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]-1-aryl-1-ethanone/2-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-1-aryl-1-ethanone/1-aryl-2-[(2-phenyl-2H-1,2,3,4-tetraazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]-1-ethanone with 2-aminobenzophenone in good yields using YbCl(3) as the catalyst. These compounds have been screened for their in vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (MTB) and among the 21 compounds screened, 2-[2-(4-bromophenyl)-4-phenyl-3-quinolyl]sulfanyl-5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole (5d) and 2-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-phenyl-3-quinolyl]sulfanyl-5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole (5c) were found to be the most active compounds with MIC of 3.2 and 3.5 µM respectively against MTB. The cytotoxic effects against mouse fibroblasts (NIH 3T3) in vitro were evaluated for 5c and 5d, which displayed no toxic effects (IC(50) > 1000 µM) against the mouse fibroblast cell line NIH 3T3.