ABSTRACT
Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) in the atmosphere is associated with adverse health effects. Among the various options for use in removing CH3CHO, adsorption is often employed because of its convenient application and economical processes, particularly when using activated carbon. In previous studies, the surface of activated carbon has been modified with amines to remove CH3CHO from the atmosphere via adsorption. However, these materials are toxic and can have harmful effects on humans when the modified activated carbon is used in air-purifier filters. Therefore, in this study, a customized bead-type activated carbon (BAC) with surface modification options via amination was evaluated for removing CH3CHO. Various amounts of non-toxic piperazine or piperazine/nitric acid were used in amination. Chemical and physical analyses of the surface-modified BAC samples were performed using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller measurements, elemental analyses, and Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The chemical structures on the surfaces of the modified BACs were analyzed in detail using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The amine and carboxylic acid groups on the surfaces of the modified BACs are critical in CH3CHO adsorption. Notably, piperazine amination decreased the pore size and volume of the modified BAC, but piperazine/nitric acid impregnation maintained the pore size and volume of the modified BAC. In terms of CH3CHO adsorption, piperazine/nitric acid impregnation resulted in a superior performance, with greater chemical adsorption. The linkages between the amine and carboxylic acid groups may function differently in piperazine amination and piperazine/nitric acid treatment.
ABSTRACT
Although many people affected by COVID-19 suffer from some form of psychological distress, access to proper treatment or psychosocial interventions has been limited. This study aimed to examine the feasibility and preliminary effects of a therapeutic gardening program conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic. The program consisted of 30 sessions and was conducted at 10 nationwide sites in Korea from June to November 2021. Mental health and well-being were assessed using the Mental Health Screening Tool for Depressive Disorders, Mental Health Screening Tool for Anxiety Disorders, Engagement in Daily Activity Scale, brief version of World Health Organization Quality of Life, and Mindful Attention Awareness Scale. Cohen's d value was calculated for the effect size, and a multilevel analysis was used to determine the longitudinal effects of therapeutic gardening. The effect sizes for depression, anxiety, daily activities, quality of life, and mindfulness were 0.84, 0.72, 0.61, 0.64, and 0.40, respectively. Multilevel analyses showed that all five mental health variables improved significantly over time as the therapeutic gardening program progressed. Therapeutic gardening is promising and applicable as a nature-based intervention to improve the mental health of individuals experiencing psychological distress especially in the COVID-19 pandemic.
