Targeted tumor detection: guidelines for developing biotinylated diagnostics.

The challenge in achieving precision medicine relies on how to advance and/or enhance new as well as old therapeutic strategies. Here, we highlight the significant role hydrophilicity of biotinylated fluorescent probe's plays on their cellular uptake behaviour.

Structure-based virtual screening and identification of a novel androgen receptor antagonist.

Hormonal therapies, mainly combinations of anti-androgens and androgen deprivation, have been the mainstay treatment for advanced prostate cancer because the androgen-androgen receptor (AR) system plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of prostate cancers. However, the emergence of androgen resistance, largely due to inefficient anti-hormone action, limits the therapeutic usefulness of these therapies. Here, we report that 6-(3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-N-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)nicotinamide (DIMN) acts as a novel anti-androgenic compound that may be effective in the treatment of both androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancers. Through AR structure-based virtual screening using the FlexX docking model, fifty-four compounds were selected and further screened for AR antagonism via cell-based tests. One compound, DIMN, showed an antagonistic effect specific to AR with comparable potency to that of the classical AR antagonists, hydroxyflutamide and bicalutamide. Consistent with their anti-androgenic activity, DIMN inhibited the growth of androgen-dependent LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Interestingly, the compound also suppressed the growth of androgen-independent C4-2 and CWR22rv prostate cancer cells, which express a functional AR, but did not suppress the growth of the AR-negative prostate cancer cells PPC-1, DU145, and R3327-AT3.1. Taken together, the results suggest that the synthetic compound DIMN is a novel anti-androgen and strong candidate for useful therapeutic agent against early stage to advanced prostate cancer.

Relation between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and coronary plaque components in patients with acute coronary syndrome: virtual histology-intravascular ultrasound analysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We used virtual histology-intravascular ultrasound (VH-IVUS) to evaluate the relationship between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels and plaque components in 279 acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We divided patients into three groups according to their hs-CRP levels {lowest tertile <0.07 mg/dL (n=93), middle tertile ≥0.07, <0.4 mg/dL (n=93), and highest tertile ≥0.4 mg/dL (n=93)}. Thin-cap fibroatheroma (TCFA) was defined as focal, necrotic core (NC)-rich (≥10% of the cross-sectional area) plaques in contact with the lumen in a plaque burden ≥40%. RESULTS: The highest tertile group was mostly diabetics (20%, 27%, 40%, p=0.009), and had the greatest plaque plus media volume (163±139/mm(3) vs. 201±155/mm(3) vs. 232±176/mm(3), p=0.013). The highest tertile group had the greatest absolute and % NC volumes (13.6±15.1 mm(3) vs. 14.8±14.2 mm(3) vs. 23.7±24.3 mm(3), p<0.001, and 14.9±8.7% vs. 16.0±8.7% vs. 19.5±10.2%, p=0.024, respectively). The culprit lesion TCFA was observed most frequently in the highest tertile group (28% vs. 35% vs. 55%, p=0.006). By multivariable analysis, absolute NC volume was an independent predictor of hs-CRP elevation {odds ratio (OR); 1.03, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.06-1.21, p=0.004}, and hs-CRP was an independent predictor of TCFA (OR; 1.86, 95% CI=1.11-2.90, p=0.010). CONCLUSION: VH-IVUS analysis has demonstrated that ACS patients with elevated hs-CRP have more vulnerable plaque component (NC-rich plaques and higher frequency of culprit lesion TCFA), compared with ACS patients with normal hs-CRP.

Synthesis of benzo[3,4]azepino[1,2-b]isoquinolin-9-ones from 3-arylisoquinolines via ring closing metathesis and evaluation of topoisomerase I inhibitory activity, cytotoxicity and docking study.

Benzo[3,4]azepino[1,2-b]isoquinolinones were designed and developed as constraint forms of 3-arylisquinolines with an aim to inhibit topoisomerase I (topo I). Ring closing metathesis (RCM) of 3-arylisoquinolines with suitable diene moiety provided seven membered azepine rings of benzoazepinoisoquinolinones. Spectral analyses of these heterocyclic compounds demonstrated that the methylene protons of the azepine rings are nonequivalent. The shielding environment experienced by these geminal hydrogens differs unusually by 2.21ppm. As expected, benzoazepinoisoquinolinones displayed potent cytotoxicity. However, cytotoxic effects of the compounds were not related to topo I inhibition which is explained by non-planar conformation of the rigid compounds incapable of intercalating between DNA base pairs. In contrast, flexible 3-arylisoquinoline 8d attains active conformation at drug target site to exhibit topo I inhibition identical to cytotoxic alkaloid, camptothecin (CPT).

Design and synthesis of 4-amino-2-phenylquinazolines as novel topoisomerase I inhibitors with molecular modeling.

4-Amino-2-phenylquinazolines 7 were designed as bioisosteres of 3-arylisoquinolinamines 6 that were energy minimized to provide stable conformers. Interestingly, the 2-phenyl ring of 4-amino-2-phenylquinazolines was parallel to the quinazoline ring and improved their DNA intercalation ability in the DNA-topo I complex. Among the synthesized 4-amino group-substituted analogs, 4-cyclohexylamino-2-phenylquinazoline 7h exhibited potent topo I inhibitory activity and strong cytotoxicity. Interestingly, consistency was observed between the cytotoxicities and topo I activities in these quinazoline analogs, suggesting that the target of 4-amino-2-phenylquinazolines is limited to topo I. Molecular docking studies were performed with the Surflex-Dock program to afford the ideal interaction mode of the compound into the binding site of the DNA-topo I complex in order to clarify the topo I activity of 7h.

Design, synthesis and docking study of 5-amino substituted indeno[1,2-c]isoquinolines as novel topoisomerase I inhibitors.

Various 5-amino group-substituted indeno[1,2-c]isoquinolines 7a-f were synthesized based on the previous QSAR study as rigid structures of 3-arylisoquinolines. Amino group-substituted compounds, especially 5-piperazinyl indeno[1,2-c]isoquinoline 7f, displayed potent topoisomerase I inhibitory activity as well as cytotoxicities against five different tumor cell lines. A Surflex-Dock docking model of 7f was also studied.

Virtual screening and synthesis of quinazolines as novel JAK2 inhibitors.

JAK2 is an important target in multiple processes associated with tumor growth. In this study, virtual screening was employed for hit compound identification with chemical libraries using SurflexDock. Subsequently, hit optimization for potent and selective candidate JAK2 inhibitors was performed through synthesis of diverse C-1 substituted quinazoline derivatives. A novel compound 5p, (6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yl)naphthalen-1-ylamine, was thus obtained. JAK2 inhibitory activity of 5p was 43% at 20µM and this was comparable to AG490, a representative JAK2 inhibitor. Moreover, 5p showed a positive correlation between JAK2 inhibition and cytotoxicity; 5p treatment in HT-29 cells strongly inhibited JAK2 activation and subsequent STAT3 phosphorylation, reduced anti-apoptotic protein levels, and finally induced apoptosis. This suggests that compound 5p is a candidate inhibitor of JAK2 and its downstream STAT3 signaling pathway for antitumor therapy. In the docking model, the quinazoline template of 5k, the lead compound, occupied a hydrophobic region such as Leu856, Leu855, Ala880, Leu932 and Gly935, and the highly conserved hydrogen bond was created by 6-OMe of the ring template, which binds to the NH of Arg980. Moreover, hydrophobic interactions were identified between morpholine moiety and the hydrophobic region formed by Leu855, Ala880, Tyr931, Val911 and Met929. Also, compound 5k more strongly inhibited JAK2 phosphorylation in mouse embryonic stem cells than AG490. Our study shows the successful application of virtual screening for lead discovery and we propose that the novel compound 5p can be an effective JAK2 inhibitor candidate for further antitumor agent research.

Regulation of dendritic spines, spatial memory, and embryonic development by the TANC family of PSD-95-interacting proteins.

PSD-95 (postsynaptic density-95) is thought to play important roles in the regulation of dendritic spines and excitatory synapses, but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. TANC1 is a PSD-95-interacting synaptic protein that contains multiple domains for protein-protein interactions but whose function is not well understood. In the present study, we provide evidence that TANC1 and its close relative TANC2 regulate dendritic spines and excitatory synapses. Overexpression of TANC1 and TANC2 in cultured neurons increases the density of dendritic spines and excitatory synapses in a manner that requires the PDZ (PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1)-binding C termini of TANC proteins. TANC1-deficient mice exhibit reduced spine density in the CA3 region of the hippocampus, but not in the CA1 or dentate gyrus regions, and show impaired spatial memory. TANC2 deficiency, however, causes embryonic lethality. These results suggest that TANC1 is important for dendritic spine maintenance and spatial memory, and implicate TANC2 in embryonic development.

Development of 3-aryl-1-isoquinolinamines as potent antitumor agents based on CoMFA.

Various substituted 3-aryl-1-isoquinolinamines were designed and synthesized based on the previously constructed CoMFA model. Most of the synthesized compounds showed excellent potency in eight different human tumor cell lines as expected. In order to find the exact cytotoxic mechanism of these 3-aryl-1-isoquinolinamines, we analyzed the cell cycle dynamics by flow cytometry and found that 3-aryl-1-isoquinolinamine 6k-treated HeLa cells were arrested in G2/M phase, which is related to apoptosis.

Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of 3-arylisoquinolinamines as potent antitumor agents.

In the search for potent water-soluble 3-arylisoquinolines, several 3-arylisoquinolinamines were designed and synthesized. Various substituted 3-arylisoquinolinamines exhibited strong cytotoxic activity against eight different human cancer cell lines. In particular, C-6 or C-7 dimethylamino-substituted 3-arylisoquinolinamines displayed stronger potency than the lead compound 7a. Interestingly, compounds 7b and 7c showed more effective activity against paclitaxel-resistant HCT-15 human colorectal cancer cell lines when compared to the original cytotoxic cancer drug, paclitaxel. We analyzed the cell cycle dynamics by flow cytometry and found that treatment of human HCT-15 cells with 3-arylisoquinolinamine 7b blocked or delayed the progression of cells from G0/G1 phase into S phase, and induced cell death. Treatment with compound 7b also significantly inhibited the growth of tumors and enhanced tumor regression in a paclitaxel-resistant HCT-15 xenograft model.

Human astrocytic bradykinin B(2) receptor modulates zymosan-induced cytokine expression in 1321N1 cells.

Bradykinin is an important modulator of the neurons and glial cells of the nervous system. Bradykinin secreted from neurons affects astrocytic functions such as neurovascular coupling and astrocytic cytokine production. In human astrocytes, however, the detailed mechanism of bradykinin-mediated modulation of astrocytic functions has not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we report the functional expression of the bradykinin B(2) receptor and its modulation of zymosan-induced cytokine expression in human astrocytoma 1321N1 cells. Bradykinin increased cytosolic [Ca(2+)] in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas [des-Arg(10)] kallidin (an agonist of the B(1) receptor) did not have this effect. Bradykinin also triggered intracellular InsP(3) production. Pretreating the cells with HOE140 (icatibant acetate, a B(2) receptor antagonist) inhibited the bradykinin-induced increase in cytosolic [Ca(2+)] and InsP(3) production. In contrast, [des-Arg(10)]HOE140 (a B(1) receptor antagonist) did not show any inhibitory effect. Bradykinin increased the zymosan-induced expression of TNF-alpha, and interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) but did not affect the expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6) or interleukin 10 (IL-10). Interestingly, a cyclooxygenase-2 specific inhibitor blocked the bradykinin-induced effect. In contrast to the result in human glioma cells, bradykinin inhibits the zymosan-induced expression of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in rat astrocytes, which shows a species-dependent manner. These data suggest that bradykinin B(2) receptors are expressed in human astrocytoma cells and that they modulate the expression pattern of inflammatory cytokines.

Enhanced NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission, enhanced long-term potentiation, and impaired learning and memory in mice lacking IRSp53.

IRSp53 is an adaptor protein that acts downstream of Rac and Cdc42 small GTPases and is implicated in the regulation of membrane deformation and actin filament assembly. In neurons, IRSp53 is an abundant postsynaptic protein and regulates actin-rich dendritic spines; however, its in vivo functions have not been explored. We characterized transgenic mice deficient of IRSp53 expression. Unexpectedly, IRSp53(-/-) neurons do not show significant changes in the density and ultrastructural morphologies of dendritic spines. Instead, IRSp53(-/-) neurons exhibit reduced AMPA/NMDA ratio of excitatory synaptic transmission and a selective increase in NMDA but not AMPA receptor-mediated transmission. IRSp53(-/-) hippocampal slices show a markedly enhanced long-term potentiation (LTP) with no changes in long-term depression. LTP-inducing theta burst stimulation enhances NMDA receptor-mediated transmission. Spatial learning and novel object recognition are impaired in IRSp53(-/-) mice. These results suggest that IRSp53 is involved in the regulation of NMDA receptor-mediated excitatory synaptic transmission, LTP, and learning and memory behaviors.

Effect of green tea consumption on endothelial function and circulating endothelial progenitor cells in chronic smokers.

BACKGROUND: The present study was designed to investigate the effect and relationship of endothelial function and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) by green tea consumption in chronic smokers. The numbers of circulating EPCs have an inverse correlation with chronic smoking and endothelial dysfunction. Green tea catechin improved endothelial dysfunction in chronic smokers. METHOD AND RESULTS: In 20 young healthy smokers, endothelial functions, defined by flow-mediated endothelium dependent vasodilation (FMD) of the brachial artery via ultrasound as well as the number of EPCs isolated from peripheral blood, were determined at baseline and at 2 weeks after green tea consumption (8 g/day). Circulating EPCs were quantified by flow cytometry as CD45lowCD34+KDR2+ cells and by acyl-low-density lipoprotein and fluorescein isotiocyanate-lectin double positive cells after culture for 7 days. Clinical characteristics and laboratory findings were not significantly different between the baseline and at 2 weeks after green tea intake. EPC levels were inversely correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked. Circulating EPCs by flow cytometry (78.6+/-72.6 vs 156.1+/-135.8 /ml, p<0.001) and cultured EPCs (118.2+/-35.7 vs 169.31+/-58.3/10 field, p<0.001) increased rapidly at 2 weeks after green tea consumption. FMD was significantly improved after 2 weeks (7.2+/-2.8 vs 9.3+/-2.4, p<0.001). The FMD correlated with EPC counts (r=0.67, p=0.003) before treatment and after 2 weeks (r=0.60, p=0.013). CONCLUSIONS: A short-term administration of green tea consumption induces a rapid improvement of EPC levels and FMD. Green tea consumption may be effective to prevent future cardiovascular events in chronic smokers.