Improving and evaluating the adhesion and stability of make-up by enhancing the affinity between skin/make-up layer.

PURPOSE: Make-up clumps, bumps and collapses are the three factors that determine how well make-up has been performed. The purpose of this study is to reduce the three factors mentioned above by using amphiphilic substances to increase the affinity between the skin and the make-up layer. In addition, it aims to evaluate the improvement of the make-up layer by developing an objective make-up layer evaluation method. METHODS: Experiments were performed in an attempt to increase the affinity between the skin and the make-up layer by minimizing the difference in surface energy between the two. Multiple types of artificial skin (leather and bio-skin) were used and treated to form the liquid foundation layer. Qualitative evaluation of the make-up layer was conducted by analyzing the surface, cross-section, and fracture area of the make-up layer, using the evaluation method proposed in this study. RESULTS: After applying this method and taking measurements by 3D surface analysis, the surface roughness of the make-up layer reduced by 46%, and the maximum thickness of the make-up layer reduced by about 50% in comparison with the control group (method not applied). In the case of the make-up layer to which this method was applied, two-dimensional cross-sectional Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image analysis confirmed that agglomeration was reduced, and the thickness of the make-up layer was also reduced by an average of 54%. According to this result, the technique of increasing the affinity between the skin and the make-up layer reduces the level of aggregation of make-up and encourages the formation of a uniform and thin make-up layer. Also, the fracture area after motion simulation was reduced by 33%. These results indicate that the method of increasing the affinity between skin/make-up membranes positively affects the formation of a uniform make-up layer. CONCLUSION: Increasing the affinity by reducing the surface energy between the skin and the make-up layer plays an important role in forming a thin and uniform make-up layer by improving the problems of lifting, agglomeration, and collapse of the make-up. In addition, it has been confirmed that through this method, the quality of consumer experience related to make-up satisfaction can be improved. The results show that objective analyses of make-up help the understanding of the quality of consumer experience on make-up.

The effectiveness and safety of electroacupuncture for nonspecific chronic low back pain: A protocol for systematic review and/or meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Low back pain (LBP) is a common symptom that affects almost 80% of the global population. LBP manifests as diverse pathologies and has different causes. The focus of this paper is nonspecific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP) wherein the pain lasts for more than 12 weeks, and for which there is no definite cause. Although there are various treatment options for NSCLBP, including medication and exercise, each option has its own limitations. Although electroacupuncture (EA) has been known to have useful analgesic effects on chronic LBP, there is no systematic review (SR) on EA in the literature. Therefore, this study aims to systematically review and validate the effectiveness and safety of EA for NSCLBP. METHODS: We will search for randomized controlled trials on the use of EA for NSCLBP in multiple electronic databases, manual searches, and contacting authors. We will screen and select studies according to the predefined criteria and extract the data needed for this SR. The primary outcome will be the pain index (Visual Analog Scale and Numeric Rating Scale), and the secondary outcomes will be the functional status (Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire), patient-centered outcomes, and adverse events. We will perform a meta-analysis using Review Manager software (Version 5.3; Copenhagen; The Nordic Cochrane Center, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014) and assess the risk of bias using Cochrane Collaboration "risk of bias" tools and the quality of evidence using the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation. RESULTS: Our SR will investigate the effectiveness and safety of EA on NSCLBP. CONCLUSION: Our SR will support the published clinical evidence of the usage of EA for NSCLBP to assess the effectiveness and safety of EA. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: INPLASY; INPLASY2020120039.

Home-based mobile fetal/maternal electrocardiogram acquisition and extraction with cloud assistance.

Electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring of the fetus during pregnancy, before and during labor, can provide crucial information for the assessment of fetal well-being and development, as well as labor progress. An out-of-clinics fetal ECG monitoring system may pave the way for instant diagnosis, suggesting immediate intervention, which could help reduce the fetal mortality rate. In this paper, we present an unobtrusive fetal maternal ECG monitoring system which can operate in the home setting. The acquisition of the mother's abdominal ECG is done using the non-contact electrode approach. The extraction of the fetal ECG from the combined fetal/maternal ECG signal is investigated using both Fast Independent Component Analysis (FastICA) and RobustICA algorithms. An accelerometer is integrated for motion artifact detection which would help reduce interferences due to movement. The device also is connected to a cloud server, allowing doctors to access the data in real time.

Evaluation of bleeding-related adverse events following acupuncture treatment in patients on anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs: A prospective observational study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the risk of bleeding-related adverse events after acupuncture treatment in patients receiving anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs. DESIGN AND SETTING: A total of 428 inpatients who received acupuncture treatment underwent two assessments for bleeding-related adverse events, such as micro-bleeding, hematoma, and ecchymosis: 1) immediately after acupuncture treatment on the first day and 2) before acupuncture treatment on the following day. Additional analyses were performed using the number of acupuncture needles as independent variables. Multivariable analysis using factors likely related to bleeding and subgroup analysis according to regions of needle insertion were also performed. RESULTS: A total of 169 patients receiving anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs (exposure group) and 259 patients not receiving either drug (non-exposure group) were studied. Sixty-five (38.5%) patients in the exposure group and 115 (44.4%) patients in the non-exposure group had bleeding-related mild adverse events. There was no difference in the risk of bleeding-related adverse events between the two groups per sessions (relative risk (RR) 0.87, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.69-1.10) and per needles (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.70-1.13). In multivariable analysis, thickness of needle only increased risk of bleeding. Subgroup analysis showed that taking these drugs did not increase the risk of bleeding in any of the regions. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs do not increase the incidence of bleeding-related adverse events after acupuncture treatment.

The efficacy and safety of herbal medicine BHH10 in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: study protocol for a phase II, multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is becoming more prevalent in aging societies worldwide, and the economic burden attributable to osteoporotic fractures is substantial. The medications presently available to treat osteoporosis have side effects, and the development of safer and more effective treatments is urgently needed. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of BHH10, a traditional Korean herbal medicine, in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. METHODS/DESIGN: This is a phase II, multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial and will include 168 postmenopausal women aged 55 years and older with osteoporosis. The participants will be recruited competitively from two sites of the Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department of Kyung Hee University Hospital of Korean Medicine, either Hoegidong or Gangdong in Seoul, Korea. Participants will be assigned randomly to one of two groups, the BHH10 group or the placebo group, in a 1:1 ratio, and will have five scheduled visits. Participants will take two tablets of BHH10 or placebo three times daily for 12 weeks. The primary efficacy outcome is the change in bone mineral density at the lumbar spine (L1-4) between baseline (visit 1) and 12 weeks after randomization (visit 5). Other outcome variables include changes in bone turnover markers, the Deficiency Syndrome of the Kidney Index, EuroQol five-dimension questionnaire score, and laboratory parameters, as well as adverse events. DISCUSSION: To our knowledge, this will be the first clinical trial to assess the efficacy and safety of BHH10 in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. It is anticipated that the results will contribute to the development of traditional herbal medicines that can be used to treat osteoporosis in postmenopausal women in Korea. If the superiority of BHH10 over placebo is demonstrated, this study could provide the foundation for a phase III clinical trial. The results of the study will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Research Information Service, KCT0001842 . Registered on 14 March 2016.

The efficacy and safety of the herbal medicine geonchildan for patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: study protocol for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel pilot trial.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to assess the efficacy and safety of geonchildan, a Korean traditional herbal medicine, for patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and evaluate the feasibility of a large-scale confirmatory clinical trial. METHODS/DESIGN: This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel two-arm pilot trial in Seoul, Korea. Altogether, 30 patients diagnosed with RA for at least 3 months and with a Disease Activity Score for 28 joints (DAS28) ≥ 3.2 will be enrolled. Participants are randomly assigned to one of two groups, the experimental group or the placebo group, in a 1:1 ratio and will make four scheduled visits. The participants will be administered geonchildan or a placebo three times per day for 12 weeks. The change in DAS28 will be examined as the primary efficacy outcome. The secondary efficacy outcomes include the proportion of patients achieving ACR20, ACR50, ACR70, and EULAR responses; the DAS28 sub-items; the consumption of medication; Korean Health Assessment Questionnaire scores; inflammatory parameters; and the Korean medical diagnostic pattern indicator. Adverse events and laboratory test results will be recorded to evaluate safety. The process, resources used, and management of the study will also be assessed to determine the feasibility of a large-scale trial. DISCUSSION: This is the first clinical trial to explore the efficacy and safety of geonchildan in patients with active RA. If the superiority of geonchildan versus the placebo is demonstrated and the study design is feasible, this study could form the foundation for a large-scale clinical trial. The results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Research Information Service, KCT0001943 . Registered on 14 June 2016.

The efficacy and safety of Hanslim for obese patients: Study protocol for a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, multi-dose, placebo-controlled, phase IIb clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and appropriate dose of Hanslim, a Korean traditional herbal medicine, for obese patients, when compared to a placebo. METHODS/DESIGN: This study is a randomized, double-blinded, multicenter, multidose, placebo-controlled, phase IIb clinical trial. A total of 165 obese patients with a body mass index (BMI) of more than 30 kg/m or obese patients with a BMI of 27 to 29.9 kg/m and one or more risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, or hyperlipidemia will be enrolled. Participants will be randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups (high-dose, low-dose, or placebo) with a 1:1:1 allocation ratio and will have 4 scheduled visits during the 12-week treatment period. The participants will be administered 2 tablets of Hanslim or placebo, 2 times per day. The difference in the proportion of participants who lost weight by more than 5% from their baseline at 12 weeks compared to the placebo group will be examined as the primary efficacy outcome. Secondary efficacy outcomes include differences in body weight, BMI, body-fat percentage, fat mass, skeletal-muscle mass, edema index, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-hip ratio, serum lipid, blood glucose, C-reactive protein, and total score of Korean version of obesity-related quality of life after 12 weeks of treatment. Adverse events, laboratory test results, vital sings, and electrocardiography will be recorded to evaluate safety. DISCUSSION: This is the first prospective clinical trial to explore the efficacy and safety of Hanslim for obese patients. If the results provide the appropriate dosage of Hanslim, this study would contribute to the confirmatory evidence for the use of Hanslim as a treatment for obesity needed to conduct a large-scale, phase III clinical trial. The results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Research Information Service, ID: KCT0002193. Registered on January 6, 2017. https://cris.nih.go.kr/cris/search/search_result_st01_en.jsp?seq=7468.

Efficacy and safety of thread embedding acupuncture combined with conventional acupuncture for chronic low back pain: A study protocol for a randomized, controlled, assessor-blinded, multicenter clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Back pain is one of the most common diseases, and many patients with recurrent pain seek alternative treatment strategies. Thread embedding acupuncture involves thread insertion at the acupuncture point for continuous physical and chemical stimulation. Although thread embedding is widely used in clinical practice, there is no sound evidence of its efficacy for chronic back pain. We describe the protocol for a randomized controlled trial for investigation of the efficacy and safety of thread embedding acupuncture combined with conventional acupuncture for chronic low back pain. METHODS: This randomized, controlled, assessor-blinded, 2-armed, parallel, multicenter clinical trial will include 38 outpatients with chronic low back pain recruited from 4 traditional Korean Medicine hospitals. The patients will be randomly allocated to a treatment group (conventional acupuncture + thread embedding acupuncture) and a control group (only conventional acupuncture) in a 1:1 ratio. The treatment group patients will receive thread embedding acupuncture treatment at 10 acupuncture points (multifidus muscle, 4 points; spinal erector muscles, four points; lumbar quadrate muscle, 2 points) once a week for 8 weeks (8 sessions). In addition, all patients will receive conventional acupuncture treatment at 14 acupuncture points (GV3, EX-B5, and bilateral BL23, BL24, BL25, BL26, BL40, and BL60) twice a week for 8 weeks (16 sessions). The primary outcome will be the change in the visual analog scale score from visit 1 to visit 16, analyzed by independent t tests, in both groups. The groups will also be compared with regard to the clinical relevance (minimal clinically important difference), quality of life (3-level version of Euroqol-5D), disability level (Roland and Morris Disability Questionnaire), global assessment (patient global impression of change), and safety. Cost data for cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses will be collected. DISCUSSION: Our study results will provide evidence of the efficacy and safety of thread embedding acupuncture combined with conventional acupuncture for the management of chronic low back pain. Even though the assessors will be blinded, the patients will not be blinded to treatment because of the lack of a sham embedding acupuncture group; this is a limitation of our study. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Research Information Service: KCT0002666.

Thread embedding acupuncture for musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Thread embedding acupuncture (TEA) is a special type of acupuncture that inserts certain medical threads (eg, catgut or polydioxanone) into subcutaneous tissue or muscles at specific points. Although TEA has been widely used for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain in Korea, China and Taiwan, evidence regarding its efficacy is lacking. The aim of this protocol is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of TEA in the treatment of musculoskeletal pain, by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The following 16 databases will be searched from their inception to 14 May 2017: MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, the Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, three Chinese database (China National Knowledge Infrastructure, the Chongqing VIP Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database and the Wanfang database) and eight Korean databases (Korean Medical Database, Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors, Korean Studies Information Service System, Korean National Assembly Digital Library, National Digital Science Library, Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System, 'Database Periodical Information Academic and Korean Traditional Knowledge Portal'). The WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform will also be searched to retrieve the recently completed studies.All randomised controlled studies in which TEA was used on specific points for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain will be included and no restrictions on language will be applied. The risk of bias of each study will be evaluated by the Cochrane risk of bias tool.Mean difference or standardised mean difference for continuous data and risk ratio for dichotomous data will be calculated with 95% CIs using a random effects model or a fixed effects model. Additional subgroup and sensitivity analyses will be conducted according to a predefined protocol. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: No ethical issues are predicted. The systematic review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal or conference presentation. These findings will summarise the current evidence of TEA for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain and may provide guidance for clinicians and patients to select TEA for musculoskeletal pain. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42015019046.

Effectiveness and safety of moxibustion treatment for non-specific lower back pain: protocol for a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Many patients experience acute lower back pain that becomes chronic pain. The proportion of patients using complementary and alternative medicine to treat lower back is increasing. Even though several moxibustion clinical trials for lower back pain have been conducted, the effectiveness and safety of moxibustion intervention is controversial. The purpose of this study protocol for a systematic review is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of moxibustion treatment for non-specific lower back pain patients. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will conduct an electronic search of several databases from their inception to May 2017, including Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trial, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, Wanfang Database, Chongqing VIP Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database, Korean Medical Database, Korean Studies Information Service System, National Discovery for Science Leaders, Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System, the Korea Institute of Science and Technology, and KoreaMed. Randomised controlled trials investigating any type of moxibustion treatment will be included. The primary outcome will be pain intensity and functional status/disability due to lower back pain. The secondary outcome will be a global measurement of recovery or improvement, work-related outcomes, radiographic improvement of structure, quality of life, and adverse events (presence or absence). Risk ratio or mean differences with a 95% confidence interval will be used to show the effect of moxibustion therapy when it is possible to conduct a meta-analysis. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and will be presented at an international academic conference for dissemination. Our results will provide current evidence of the effectiveness and safety of moxibustion treatment in non-specific lower back pain patients, and thus will be beneficial to patients, practitioners, and policymakers. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42016047468 in PROSPERO 2016.

NPCARE: database of natural products and fractional extracts for cancer regulation.

BACKGROUND: Natural products have increasingly attracted much attention as a valuable resource for the development of anticancer medicines due to the structural novelty and good bioavailability. This necessitates a comprehensive database for the natural products and the fractional extracts whose anticancer activities have been verified. DESCRIPTION: NPCARE (http://silver.sejong.ac.kr/npcare) is a publicly accessible online database of natural products and fractional extracts for cancer regulation. At NPCARE, one can explore 6578 natural compounds and 2566 fractional extracts isolated from 1952 distinct biological species including plants, marine organisms, fungi, and bacteria whose anticancer activities were validated with 1107 cell lines for 34 cancer types. Each entry in NPCARE is annotated with the cancer type, genus and species names of the biological resource, the cell line used for demonstrating the anticancer activity, PubChem ID, and a wealth of information about the target gene or protein. Besides the augmentation of plant entries up to 743 genus and 197 families, NPCARE is further enriched with the natural products and the fractional extracts of diverse non-traditional biological resources. CONCLUSIONS: NPCARE is anticipated to serve as a dominant gateway for the discovery of new anticancer medicines due to the inclusion of a large number of the fractional extracts as well as the natural compounds isolated from a variety of biological resources.