ABSTRACT
Panfacial fractures involve trauma to the lower, middle, and upper facial bones and often require a team approach for management. Early and complete restoration of preinjury facial contours and function should be the goal of the oral and maxillofacial surgeon and the prosthodontist. When the intraoral landmarks are lost, overall facial anatomic landmarks can be used to restore the oral cavity. A patient with complex clinical panfacial fractures, including a vertically and horizontally malpositioned native alveolar bone and severe facial asymmetry, is presented. A functional and esthetic rehabilitation was successfully accomplished by using a partial removable dental prosthesis retained with telescopic crowns and magnetic attachments in the maxilla and osseointegrated implants to support a definitive dental prosthesis in the mandible.
Subject(s)
Dental Prosthesis Design , Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported , Denture, Complete, Lower , Denture, Partial, Removable , Facial Injuries/rehabilitation , Oral Surgical Procedures, Preprosthetic/methods , Dental Implant-Abutment Design , Dental Implantation, Endosseous/methods , Dental Implantation, Endosseous, Endodontic/methods , Dental Prosthesis Retention , Facial Asymmetry/etiology , Facial Asymmetry/therapy , Facial Bones/injuries , Facial Injuries/complications , Facial Injuries/therapy , Fracture Fixation/methods , Humans , Male , Mandibular Fractures/rehabilitation , Mandibular Fractures/therapy , Maxillary Fractures/rehabilitation , Maxillary Fractures/therapy , Middle Aged , Treatment Outcome , Vertical Dimension , Zygomatic Fractures/rehabilitation , Zygomatic Fractures/therapyABSTRACT
The denitrification and P-removal in the sorption-denitrification-P-removal (S-DN-P) process were carried out under various wastewater compositions. It is noted that P-removal largely depends on the wastewater composition as well to the quantity of the substrates present in wastewater fraction. Three different wastewater fractions are obtained as: raw wastewater, dissolved wastewater (obtained with filtration using 0.45 microm filter), and undissolved wastewater (i.e., infiltrate obtained by above filtration). The ratio of P-release/COD(tolal)-consumption clearly inferred that undissolved wastewater possess very low value i.e., 0.0008 followed by raw wastewater 0.008 and dissolved wastewater 0.03. When this ratio was nearby 0.01, enhanced P-removal was observed. Moreover, the ratio of P-uptake to NO3(-)-N decomposition for raw wastewater was two times for dissolved wastewater. Interestingly, it was observed that the P-removal and denitrification depend not only on the dissolved substrates but also the undissolved substrates present in the wastewater. The result of the P-removal obtained with this S-DN-P process did not show a big difference of 36%, 34% and 30%, respectively, for raw, dissolved and undissolved wastewater.
Subject(s)
Bioreactors , Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods , Water Purification/methods , Biodegradation, Environmental , Biofilms/growth & development , Nitrates/chemistry , Nitrates/metabolism , Nitrites/chemistry , Nitrites/metabolism , Waste Disposal, Fluid/instrumentation , Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry , Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism , Water Purification/instrumentationABSTRACT
Several forms of the phosphorus in wastewater were analyzed using a fraction method with a membrane reactor. A primary aim of this study was to differentiate the two main groups, as either "biologically bound" or "physicochemically bound," with the quantification of bound phosphorus in animated sludge. After the four-level extraction treatment with distilled water and various solvents such as bicarbonate-dithionate, NaOH and HCl, the redox-sensitive-P and P bound to Fe(III)-hydroxides were found as main precipitation products in the anaerobic chamber (AN). Whereas the aerobic chamber (AE) contained mainly the precipitates of P bound to metals, such as Al and Fe, sorptive-bound phosphorus on metals and organic compounds etc. With iron precipitation, the levels of Fe-P, Al-P, and Fe-P adsorbed by Fe(OH)(3) were particularly high in the AE and AN. The sum of inorganic-P (physicochemically bound phosphorus) increased with iron precipitation, whereas that of organic-P and poly P (biologically bound phosphorus) decreased.
Subject(s)
Biodegradation, Environmental , Phosphorus/analysis , Sewage/chemistry , Anaerobiosis , Chemical Fractionation , Chemical Precipitation , Methods , Phosphorus/chemistry , Sewage/analysis , Sewage/microbiology , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysisABSTRACT
The effect of acetate was examined during the p-removal and denitrification of wastewater. The plant was operated based on the sequencing-batch-biofilm-reactor (SBBR) process. As microbial media, ca. 9 mm Bio-Flow granules made from polyethylene and polypropylene were used. Three preparations were made to compare the level of biological p-removal and denitrification. In comparison to the batch test, 42 mg/L (AC 30) and 84 mg/L (AC 60) of NaCH(3)COO were mixed with the 500 mL of raw wastewater and the effect of the acetate concentration on the level of p-removal was monitored. All samples were immediately filtered with 0.45 microm membrane filter, and PO(4)-P, NO(3)-N, NO(2)-N and acetate were analyzed using Ion Chromatography, whereas P(total) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were measured by a spectrophotometer. The p-removals for the WW, WW+AC 30 and WW+AC 60 preparations were found to be 9.4, 9.1 and 13.1mg/L, respectively. The WW+AC 30 preparation did not show any significant effect on the p-removal, while p-removal in WW+AC 60 preparation was higher than that in the other two preparations. A comparison of the data revealed the COD: NO(3)-N:AC:P ratio of the WW, WW+AC 30 and WW+AC 60 preparations to be 18.07:2.90:6.87:1, 21.28:2.45:5.98:1 and 15.95:2.75:6.18:1, respectively. The experimental results showed that approximately 7 mg/L of acetate was consumed per 1mg/L of p-removal.
Subject(s)
Acetic Acid/metabolism , Bioreactors , Nitrogen Compounds/metabolism , Phosphorus Compounds/metabolism , Sewage/chemistry , Biofilms , Oxygen/chemistry , Sewage/microbiology , Waste Disposal, Fluid/methodsABSTRACT
The influence of the wastewater composition on the denitrification and biological P-elimination in the Sorption Denitrification P-eliminations Process (S-DN-P-process) was examined. Batch type experiments were performed to examine the influence of various substrates. Among the three different substrates prepared, only 11% COD(filt) was taken up from starch containing wastewater (starch preparation). Acetate is an easily degradable substrate for the biological P-elimination, and showed ca. 30% more acetate was taken up compared to the raw wastewater (wastewater preparation). Starch is a barely degradable substance, because it must be hydrolysed before digestion. Starch initially sorbs slowly (approximately 30 min), and may be hydrolysed during this time. During the investigations, the biological P-elimination and the denitrification were found to be dependent on the wastewater composition. The P-elimination rate was determined to be 38% with the acetate preparation, while a P-elimination of 6% was obtained with the starch preparation. The wastewater preparation showed a P-elimination of 56%, the value of which was almost 18% more than the acetate preparation. The biological P-elimination and denitrification depend not only on the dissolved parts in the wastewater, but also on the undissolved content.
