Study on Ways to Improve the Quality of Black Goat Meat Jerky and Reduce Goaty Flavor through Various Spices.

In this study, we analyzed the physicochemical and sensory properties of black goat jerky marinated with various spices (non-spice, control; rosemary, RO; basil, BA; ginger, GI; turmeric, TU; and garlic, GA). The physicochemical properties of black goat jerky analyzed were pH, water holding capacity, color, cooking yield, shear force, and fatty acid composition. The sensory characteristics were analyzed through the aroma profile (electronic nose), taste profile (electronic tongue), and sensory evaluation. The pH and water holding capacity of the GI showed higher values than the other samples. GI and GA showed similar values of CIE L* and CIE a* to that of the control. The shear force of the GI and TU was significantly lower than that of other samples (p<0.05). Regarding fatty acid composition, GI showed high unsaturated and low saturated fatty acid contents compared with that of the other samples except for RO (p<0.05). In the aroma profile, the peak area of hexanal, which is responsible for a faintly rancid odor, was lower in all treatment groups than in the control. In the taste profile, the umami of spice samples was higher than that of the control, and among the samples, GI had the highest score. In the sensory evaluation, the GI sample showed significantly higher scores than the control in terms of flavor, aroma, goaty flavor, and overall acceptability (p<0.05). Therefore, marinating black goat jerky with ginger powder enhanced the overall flavor and reduced the goat odor.

Physicochemical Properties of Black Korean Goat Meat with Various Slaughter Ages.

This study was conducted to analyze the physicochemical properties of black goat meat according to the slaughter age (3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36 months). The moisture content tended to decrease, whereas the fat content, pH, and free amino acid composition tended to increase with increasing slaughter age. The collagen content increased significantly with the increasing slaughter age (p < 0.05). The cooking yield showed a tendency to increase up to 12 months of age, and there was no significant difference after 12 months of age. In all mineral contents, the sample for 12 months of age showed higher values than the others. Considering fatty acid composition, the saturated fatty acid content of the 12-month sample had a lower value than the other samples. However, the unsaturated fatty acid of the 12-month sample had higher values than the other samples. Therefore, the best slaughter age for black goats occurs at 12 months of age when nutrition is excellent.

Long-term efficacy and safety of 3D printed implant in patients with nasal septal deformities.

PURPOSE: To investigate the long-term safety and efficacy of a 3D-printed bioresorbable polycaprolactone (PCL) nasal implant for nasal septal deformity reconstruction. METHODS: Fourteen patients who had undergone nasal septum reconstruction surgery using 3D-printed PCL nasal septal implants were enrolled. The primary outcome was the change in total Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scale scores between postoperative 3 months and current status (3.59 ± 0.51 years). The secondary outcomes were changes in the minimum cross-sectional area (MCA) and volume of both nasal cavities based on acoustic rhinometry, the cross-sectional area of the ostiomeatal unit, and the nasal septum angle of the paranasal sinus (PNS) in computed tomography (CT) images, and a visual analog scale (VAS) of the patients' subjective satisfaction. RESULTS: The results showed no significant changes in the MCAs (Cohen's d:0.09; p = 0.711) or nasal volume (Cohen's d:0.26; p = 0.356), the area of the ostiomeatal unit (Cohen's d:0.49; p = 0.064), septum angles (Cohen's d:0.18; p = 0.831), the NOSE scale (Cohen's d:0.14; p = 0.621), or patients' subjective satisfaction (Cohen's d:0.52; p = 0.076) during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: This homogeneous composite microporous PCL nasal septal implant demonstrated long-term clinical efficacy and safety in human tissues that required maintenance of mechanical strength. Therefore, the indications for this implant could extend to various other craniofacial reconstructions in the future.

Bone Fracture-Treatment Method: Fixing 3D-Printed Polycaprolactone Scaffolds with Hydrogel Type Bone-Derived Extracellular Matrix and ß-Tricalcium Phosphate as an Osteogenic Promoter.

Bone formation and growth are crucial for treating bone fractures. Improving bone-reconstruction methods using autologous bone and synthetic implants can reduce the recovery time. Here, we investigated three treatments using two different materials, a bone-derived decellularized extracellular matrix (bdECM) and ß-tricalcium phosphate (ß-TCP), individually and in combination, as osteogenic promoter between bone and 3D-printed polycaprolactone scaffold (6-mm diameter) in rat calvarial defects (8-mm critical diameter). The materials were tested with a human pre-osteoblast cell line (MG63) to determine the effects of the osteogenic promoter on bone formation in vitro. A polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold with a porous structure was placed at the center of the in vivo rat calvarial defects. The gap between the defective bone and PCL scaffold was filled with each material. Animals were sacrificed four weeks post-implantation, and skull samples were preserved for analysis. The preserved samples were scanned by micro-computed tomography and analyzed histologically to examine the clinical benefits of the materials. The bdECM-ß-TCP mixture showed faster bone formation and a lower inflammatory response in the rats. Therefore, our results imply that a bdECM-ß-TCP mixture is an ideal osteogenic promoter for treating fractures.

Efficacy of three-dimensionally printed polycaprolactone/beta tricalcium phosphate scaffold on mandibular reconstruction.

It has been demonstrated that development of three-dimensional printing technology has supported the researchers and surgeons to apply the bone tissue engineering to the oromandibular reconstruction. In this study, poly caprolactone/beta tricalcium phosphate (PCL/ß-TCP) scaffolds were fabricated by multi-head deposition system. The feasibility of the three-dimensionally (3D) -printed PCL/ß-TCP scaffolds for mandibular reconstruction was examined on critical-sized defect of canine mandible. The scaffold contained the heterogeneous pore sizes for more effective bone ingrowth and additional wing structures for more stable fixation. They were implanted into the mandibular critical-sized defect of which periosteum was bicortically resected. With eight 1-year-old male beagle dogs, experimental groups were divided into 4 groups (n = 4 defects per group, respectively). (a) no further treatment (control), (b) PCL/ß-TCP scaffold alone (PCL/TCP), (c) PCL/ß-TCP scaffold with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) (PCL/TCP/BMP2) and (d) PCL/ß-TCP scaffold with autogenous bone particles (PCL/TCP/ABP). In micro-computed tomography, PCL/TCP/BMP2 and PCL/TCP/ ABP groups showed significant higher bone volume in comparison to Control and PCL/TCP groups (P < 0.05). In histomorphometric analysis, a trend towards more bone formation was observed in PCL/TCP/BMP2 and PCL/TCP/ABP groups, but the results lacked statistical significance (P = 0.052). Within the limitations of the present study, 3D-printed PCL/ß-TCP scaffolds showed acceptable potential for oromandibular reconstruction.

Evaluation of Auricular Cartilage Reconstruction Using a 3-Dimensional Printed Biodegradable Scaffold and Autogenous Minced Auricular Cartilage.

Auricular cartilage reconstruction represents one of the greatest challenges for otolaryngology-head and neck surgery. The native structure and composition of the auricular cartilage can be achieved by combining a suitable chondrogenic cell source with an appropriate scaffold. In reconstructive surgery for cartilage tissue, autogenous cartilage is considered to be the best chondrogenic cell source. Polycaprolactone is mainly used as a tissue-engineered scaffold owing to its mechanical properties, miscibility with a large range of other polymers, and biodegradability. In this study, scaffolds with or without autogenous minced auricular cartilage were implanted bilaterally in rabbits for auricular regeneration. Six weeks (n = 4) and 16 weeks (n = 4) after implantation, real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and histology were used to assess the regeneration of the auricular cartilage. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the messenger RNA expression of aggrecan, collagen I, and collagen II was higher in scaffolds with 50% minced cartilage than the scaffold-only groups or scaffolds with 30% minced cartilage (P < 0.05). Furthermore, histological analysis demonstrated significantly superior cartilage regeneration in scaffolds with the minced cartilage group compared with the scaffold-only and control groups (P < 0.05). Autogenous cartilage can be easily obtained and loaded onto a scaffold to promote the presence of chondrogenic cells, allowing for an improvement of the reconstruction of auricular cartilage. Here, the regeneration of auricular cartilage was also successful in the 50% minced cartilage group. The results presented in this study could have clinical implications, as they demonstrate the potential of a 1-stage process for auricular reconstruction.

Clinical Application of 3-Dimensional Printing Technology for Patients With Nasal Septal Deformities: A Multicenter Study.

Importance: Studies have shown the controllability and porosity of polycaprolactone as well as the use of 3-dimensional (3-D) printing for nasal reconstruction in animal models. The utility of polycaprolactone with 3-D technology in nasal cartilaginous framework reconstruction in humans remains unknown. Objective: To investigate the safety and efficacy of 3-D printed, bioresorbable polycaprolactone nasal implants. Design, Setting, and Participants: This multicenter clinical trial comprised 20 patients with caudal septal deviations who underwent septoplasty, which used a 3-D printed polycaprolactone mesh, at 2 centers in South Korea. Patients were included if they were aged 18 to 74 years and had nasal septal deviations, Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation scores greater than 20, and persistent nasal obstructions. Twenty-two patients met the inclusion criteria, but 2 patients were excluded before the operation. The study was conducted from July 1, 2016, to June 30, 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: The change in total Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation score between the preoperative examination and the week 12 postoperative examination was the primary outcome. Changes in bilateral nasal cavity minimum cross-sectional area and volume on acoustic rhinometry at weeks 4 and 12 after the operation as well as changes in the nasal cavity cross-sectional area at the osteomeatal unit and nasal septum angle in the paranasal sinus on computed tomography after week 12 were among the secondary outcomes. Results: Of the 20 patients included in the study, 4 (20%) were female, 16 (80%) were male, with a mean (SD) age of 34.95 (11.96) years. The preoperative and week 12 postoperative results revealed significant changes in the minimal cross-sectional areas on acoustic rhinometry (0.41 [SD, 0.39] vs -0.11 [SD, 0.18]; difference, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.23-0.61), nasal septum angles on computed tomography (11.22 [SD, 6.57] vs 2.89 [SD, 3.12]; difference, 8.33; 95% CI, 5.08-11.58), and Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation scores (73.50 [SD, 19.88] vs 3.75 [SD, 6.26]; difference, 69.75; 95% CI, 59.22-80.28). The surgeons' convenience level with the procedure was favorable (visual analog scale score [SD], 90.90 [9.45]), and so were the patients' symptom improvements and satisfaction after 12 weeks (visual analog scale score [SD], 88.30 [9.87]). Conclusions and Relevance: The 3-D printed, homogeneous, composite, microporous polycaprolactone nasal implant demonstrated proper mechanical support and thinness with excellent biocompatibility and surgical manipulability. Polycaprolactone may be a clinically biocompatible material for use in various craniofacial reconstructions in the future.