Arctium lappa ameliorates endothelial dysfunction in rats fed with high fat/cholesterol diets.

BACKGROUND: Arctium lappa L. (Asteraceae), burdock, is a medicinal plant that is popularly used for treating hypertension, gout, hepatitis, and other inflammatory disorders. This study was performed to test the effect of ethanol extract of Arctium lappa L. (EAL) seeds on vascular reactivity and inflammatory factors in rats fed a high fat/cholesterol diet (HFCD). METHOD: EAL-I (100 mg·kg-1/day), EAL-II (200 mg·kg-1/day), and fluvastatin (3 mg·kg-1/day) groups initially received HFCD alone for 8 weeks, with EAL supplementation provided during the final 6 weeks. RESULTS: Treatment with low or high doses of EAL markedly attenuated plasma levels of triglycerides and augmented plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in HFCD-fed rats. Chronic treatment with EAL markedly reduced impairments of acetylcholine (ACh)-induced relaxation of aortic rings. Furthermore, chronic treatment with EAL significantly lowered systolic blood pressure (SBP) and maintained smooth and flexible intimal endothelial layers in HFCD-fed rats. Chronic treatment with EAL suppressed upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, and E-selectin in the aorta. Chronic treatment with EAL also suppressed increases in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 expression. These results suggested that EAL can inhibit HFCD-induced vascular inflammation in the rat model. CONCLUSION: The present study provides evidence that EAL ameliorates HFCD-induced vascular dysfunction through protection of vascular relaxation and suppression of vascular inflammation.

Improved endothelial dysfunction by Cynanchum wilfordii in apolipoprotein E(-/-) mice fed a high fat/cholesterol diet.

Cynanchum wilfordii is used in traditional Chinese medicine with almost all parts of this plant considered beneficial for various vascular diseases. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of an ethanol extract of C. wilfordii (ECW) on vascular dysfunction in apolipoprotein E (apoE)(-/-) mice fed with high fat/cholesterol diets (HFCDs). The apoE(-/-) mice were fed HFCD consisting of 7.5% cocoa butter and 1.25% cholesterol, with or without 100 or 200 mg/day/kg ECW. Chronic ECW treatment significantly lessened the level of low-density lipoprotein (P<.05) and elevated that of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (P<.01). Chronic ECW treatment normalized the HFCD-induced increase in systolic blood pressure, maintained smooth and soft intimal endothelial layers, and decreased intima-media thickness in aortic sections of HFCD-fed apoE(-/-) mice. ECW significantly restored the diet-induced decrease in vasorelaxation response to acetylcholine; however, the response to sodium nitroprusside did not change. ECW clearly restored the HFCD-induced reduction in endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression levels in aortic tissue, leading to decreased vascular inflammation through an inhibition of cellular adhesion molecules such as E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 as well as endothelin-1 (ET-1) expression. In conclusion, ECW ameliorates endothelial dysfunction via improvement of the nitric oxide/cyclic GMP signaling pathway in a diet/genetic model of hyperlipidemia. ECW also substantially inhibited the development of atherosclerosis, possibly by inhibiting ET-1, cell adhesion molecules, and lesion formation, suggesting a vascular protective role for this herb in the treatment and prevention of atherosclerotic vascular disease.

Cynanchum wilfordii ameliorates hypertension and endothelial dysfunction in rats fed with high fat/cholesterol diets.

Hypercholesterolemia increases the incidence of atherosclerosis and its pathologic complications. This study was performed to test the effect of an ethanol extract of Cynanchum wilfordii (ECW) on vascular dysfunction in rats fed with high fat/cholesterol diets (HFCD). Male rats were fed a HFCD consisting of 7.5% cocoa butter and 1.25% cholesterol, with or without 100, 200 mg/day/kg ECW. Rats fed with HFCD increased body weight associated with an increase in plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level. Chronic ECW treatment in HFCD-fed rats lessened LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels as well as elevated high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Chronic ECW treatment recovered the HFCD-induced increase in systolic blood pressure, maintained smooth and soft intima endothelial layers by the decrease of intima-media thickness. ECW significantly recovered the diet-induced decrease in vasorelaxation to acetylcholine, high-dose ECW apparently increased vasorelaxation response to sodium nitroprusside in rats fed with HFCD. ECW clearly restored the HFCD-induced reduction in endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase expression and Akt expression levels in aortic tissue, leading to improve endothelial function through an increase in endothelium-derived NO production. Furthermore, treatment of ECW significantly recovered the HFCD-induced decrease in aortic cGMP levels in rats. These findings suggest that ECW ameliorates hypertension and endothelial dysfunction via improvement of NO/cGMP signaling pathway in aortic tissue of rats fed with HFCD, suggesting a vascular protective role for this herb in the treatment and prevention of atherosclerotic vascular disease.

Hypotensive, hypolipidemic, and vascular protective effects of Morus alba L. in rats fed an atherogenic diet.

Morus alba L. has been used in traditional Chinese medicine and almost all parts of this plant are useful in cardiovascular, liver and spleen disorders. The present study was designed to investigate the inhibitory effect of a water extract from Morus alba L. (WMA) on vascular dysfunction in rat models fed a high fat and high cholesterol diet. Male rats were fed an atherogenic diet consisting of food with 7.5% cocoa butter and 1.25% cholesterol, with or without 100 or 200 mg/day/kg WMA, for 14 weeks. Chronic treatment with low (100 mg/kg/day) or high (200 mg/day/kg) doses of WMA markedly attenuated hypertension and the impairments of acetylcholine-induced relaxation of aortic rings in rats fed an atherogenic diet. WMA reduced intima/media thickness in rats fed an atherogenic diet. WMA improved plasma levels of triglyceride (TG) and augmented plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL), but did not affect blood glucose levels. Interestingly, WMA suppressed increased cell adhesion molecules such as E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression in the aorta. Taken together, these results suggested that Morus alba L. could improve an atherogenic diet-induced hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and vascular dysfunction through inhibition of cell adhesion molecules expression and induction of vascular relaxation.

Aqueous extract of Zanthoxylum schinifolium elicits contractile and secretory responses via beta1-adrenoceptor activation in beating rabbit atria.

AIM OF STUDY: Although Zanthoxylum schinifolium has long been used in the traditional oriental medicine, cardiac effects have not well been documented. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of aqueous extract of leaves and stems from Zanthoxylum schinifolium (AZS) on inotropic effect and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The AZS-induced changes in atrial dynamics, cAMP efflux and atrial ANP secretion were determined in isolated perfused beating rabbit atria. RESULTS: AZS increased atrial pulse pressure, stroke volume, and cAMP efflux concomitantly with inhibition of ANP secretion in a concentration-dependent manner. The AZS-induced increases in atrial dynamics and cAMP efflux, and decrease in ANP secretion were attenuated by pretreatment with propranolol and CGP 20712 but not ICI 118,551. Also, the AZS-induced changes in atrial dynamics and ANP secretion were attenuated by diltiazem and KT 5720. Diltiazem and KT 5720 had not significant effect on the AZS-induced increase in cAMP efflux. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that AZS elicits a positive inotropic effect and decrease in ANP secretion via beta(1)-adrenoceptor-cAMP-Ca(2+) signaling in beating rabbit atria.

Endothelial NO/cGMP-dependent vascular relaxation of cornuside isolated from the fruit of Cornus officinalis.

Cornuside is a bisiridoid glucoside compound isolated from the fruit of CORNUS OFFICINALIS Sieb. et Zucc. (Cornaceae). In the present study, we investigated the effect of cornuside on vascular tone in rat aortic tissue. Cornuside induced a concentration-dependent relaxation of the phenylephrine-precontracted rat aorta, which was abolished by removal of the endothelial layer. Pretreatment of the aortic tissues with either N(G)-nitro- L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or 1 H- -oxadiazole-[4,3-alpha]-quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) completely inhibited the relaxation induced by cornuside. However, the relaxant effect of cornuside was not blocked by pretreatment with verapamil, diltiazem, tetraethylammonium (TEA), glibenclamide, indomethacin, atropine, or propranolol. In addition, incubation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with cornuside increased the production of cGMP in a dose-dependent manner, but this effect was blocked by pretreatment with L-NAME and ODQ, respectively. Taken together, the present study suggests that cornuside dilates vascular smooth muscle via endothelium-dependent nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP signaling.

Endothelium-dependent induction of vasorelaxation by the butanol extract of Phellinus igniarius in isolated rat aorta.

The butanol extract of Phellinus igniarius (BPI) induced relaxation of the phenylephrin e-precontracted rat aorta in a dose-dependent manner, and its effect was abolished by the removal of functional endothelium. Pretreatment of the aortic tissues with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), methylene blue, or 1H-[1,2,4]-oxadiazole-[4,3-alpha]-quinoxalin1-one (ODQ) inhibited the vascular relaxation induced by BPI. BPI-induced vascular relaxations were also markedly attenuated by the addition of verapamil or diltiazem, while the relaxant effect of BPI was not blocked by pretreatment with indomethacine, glibenclamide, tetraethylammonium (TEA), atropine, or propranolol. Incubation of endothelium-intact rat aorta with BPI increased the production of cGMP in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that BPI dilates vascular smooth muscle via endothelium-dependent nitric oxide-cGMP signaling pathway, with the possible involvement of L-type Ca(2+) channels.

The positive inotropic effect of the aqueous extract of Convallaria keiskei in beating rabbit atria.

The positive inotropic effect of the aqueous extract of Convallaria keiskei (ACK) and the possible mechanisms responsible for this effect were investigated in beating rabbit atria. ACK significantly increased atrial stroke volume, pulse pressure, and cAMP efflux in beating rabbit atria. The effects were not altered by pre-treatment with staurosporine and diltiazem, a non-selective protein kinase inhibitor and an L-type Ca2+ channel blocker, respectively. In addition, ACK markedly increased the K+ concentration in the beating atria-derived perfusate. Convallatoxin, a well-known digitalis-like cardiac glycosidic constituent of ACK, also increased atrial stroke volume and pulse pressure but did not alter the cAMP efflux level. The increases in atrial stroke volume and pulse pressure induced by convallatoxin were not also altered by pre-treatment with diltiazem. These results suggest that the ACK-induced positive inotropic effect in beating rabbit atria may, at least in part, be due to the digitalis-like activity of convallatoxin.

Vasodilatory and anti-inflammatory effects of the 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (PGG) via a nitric oxide-cGMP pathway.

Vasorelaxant and anti-inflammatory effects of a 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-d-glucose (PGG) isolated from the root barks of Paeonia suffruticosa and possible mechanisms responsible were investigated. PGG induced a concentration-dependent relaxation of the phenylephrine-precontracted rat aorta. This effect disappeared with the removal of functional endothelium. Pretreatment of the aortic tissues with either N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or 1H-[1,2,4]-oxadiazole-[4,3-alpha]-quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) inhibited the relaxation induced by PGG. Incubation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) or carotid arteries isolated from rats with PGG increased the production of cGMP in a dose-dependent manner, but this effect was blocked by pretreatment with L-NAME and ODQ, respectively. PGG treatment attenuated tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65 translocation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In addition, PGG suppressed the expression levels of adhesion molecules including intracellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) induced by TNF-alpha. TNF-alpha-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression was also attenuated by addition of PGG. PGG treatment inhibited cellular adhesion of U937 cells onto human umbilical vein endothelial cells induced by TNF-alpha. Taken together, the present study suggests that PGG dilates vascular smooth muscle and suppresses the vascular inflammatory process via endothelium-dependent nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP signaling.

Effect of methanol extract of Sorbus cortex in a rat model of L-NAME-induced atherosclerosis.

Chronic inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis by administration of high dose of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME) induces vascular inflammation and subsequent atherosclerosis. We aimed to investigate whether the methanol extract of Sorbus commixta cortex (MSC) is able to prevent inflammatory process in a rat model of L-NAME-induced atherosclerosis. Chronic treatment with low or high doses of MSC prevented the L-NAME-induced increase in monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65 expressions as well as adhesion molecules including intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin in aorta. In addition, increased endothelin-1 (ET-1) and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) expressions and decreased endothelial cell NO synthase (ecNOS) expression in aorta from L-NAME treated group was reversed by treatment with MSC. From the histological examination, aortic segment from the L-NAME-treated rats revealed a thickening of intima and media, which was ameliorated by treatment with MSC. In conclusion, our results indicate that MSC can prevent atherosclerosis by inhibiting vascular over-expressions of vasoactive materials, pro-inflammatory transcription factor, and adhesion molecules and by augmenting ecNOS in chronic L-NAME-treated rat model.

Vascular relaxation by the methanol extract of Sorbus cortex via NO-cGMP pathway.

The methanol extract of Sorbus commixta cortex (MSC) induced relaxation of the phenylephrine-precontracted aorta in a dose-dependent manner, which was disappeared by removal of functional endothelium. Pretreatment of the aortic tissues with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), methylene blue, or 1H-[1,2,4]-oxadiazole-[4,3-alpha]-quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) inhibited the vascular relaxation induced by MSC. MSC-induced vascular relaxations were also markedly attenuated by addition of verapamil or diltiazem, while the relaxant effect of MSC was not blocked by pretreatment with indomethacine, glibenclamide, tetraethylammonium (TEA), atropine, or propranolol, respectively. Incubation of endothelium-intact carotid arteries or of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with MSC increased the production of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP). Moreover, MSC-induced cGMP production was effect was blocked by pretreatment with L-NAME or ODQ. These results suggest that MSC dilates vascular smooth muscle via endothelium-dependent nitric oxide-cGMP signaling pathway, possible involvement of L-type Ca(2+) channel.

Screening of vasorelaxant activity of some medicinal plants used in Oriental medicines.

Hexane, ethylacetate (EtOAC), and n-butanol (n-BuOH) extracts of medicinal plants traditionally used in the East Asia, such as China, Korea, and Japan were screened for their vasorelaxant activity using isolated rat aorta. Among the 60 solvent-extracts from 20 medicinal plants, hexane and n-BuOH extracts of Diospyros kaki and Polygonum aviculare, hexane, EtOAC, and n-BuOH extracts of Magnolia liliflora, n-BuOH extract of Sorbus commixta, and EtOAC and n-BuOH extracts of Selaginella tamariscina were found to exhibit distinctive vasorelaxant activity. The activity disappeared by removal of functional endothelium or pre-treatment of the aortic tissues with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), which is an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. These findings suggest that the medicinal plants relax vascular smooth muscle via endothelium-dependent nitric oxide. These results will be useful to further analyze those medicinal plants that contain the vasorelaxant activity in order to identify the active principles.