Removal characteristics of 53 micropollutants during ozonation, chlorination, and UV/H2O2 processes used in drinking water treatment plant.

The removal of 53 emerging micropollutants (MPs), including 10 per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFASs), 25 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), 7 pesticides, 5 endocrine disrupters (EDCs), 3 nitrosamines, and 3 taste and odor compounds (T&Os), by chlorination, ozonation, and UV/H2O2 treatment was examined in deionized water and surface waters used as the raw waters in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in South Korea. The UV/H2O2 treatment was effective in the removal of most MPs, whereas chlorination was selectively effective for 19 MPs, including EDCs (>70 %). MPs containing aromatic ring with electron-donating functional group, or primary and secondary amines were effectively removed by chlorination immediately upon reaction initiation. The removal of MPs by ozonation was generally lower than that of the other two processes at a low ozone dose (1 mg L-1), but higher than chlorination at a high ozone dose (3 mg L-1), particularly for 16 MPs, including T&Os. Compared in deionized water, the removals of MPs in the raw water samples were lower in all three processes. The regression models predicting the rate constants (kobs) of 53 MPs showed good agreement between modeled and measured value for UV/H2O2 treatment (R2 = 0.948) and chlorination (R2 = 0.973), despite using only dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and oxidant concentration as variables, whereas the ozonation model showed a variation (R2 = 0.943). Our results can provide the resources for determining which oxidative process is suitable for treating specific MPs present in the raw waters of DWTPs.

Novel lineage depletion preserves autologous blood stem cells for gene therapy of Fanconi anemia complementation group A.

A hallmark of Fanconi anemia is accelerated decline in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (CD34 +) leading to bone marrow failure. Long-term treatment requires hematopoietic cell transplantation from an unaffected donor but is associated with potentially severe side-effects. Gene therapy to correct the genetic defect in the patient's own CD34+ cells has been limited by low CD34+ cell numbers and viability. Here we demonstrate an altered ratio of CD34Hi to CD34Lo cells in Fanconi patients relative to healthy donors, with exclusive in vitro repopulating ability in only CD34Hi cells, underscoring a need for novel strategies to preserve limited CD34+ cells. To address this need, we developed a clinical protocol to deplete lineage+(CD3+, CD14+, CD16+ and CD19+) cells from blood and marrow products. This process depletes >90% of lineage+cells while retaining ≥60% of the initial CD34+cell fraction, reduces total nucleated cells by 1-2 logs, and maintains transduction efficiency and cell viability following gene transfer. Importantly, transduced lineage- cell products engrafted equivalently to that of purified CD34+ cells from the same donor when xenotransplanted at matched CD34+ cell doses. This novel selection strategy has been approved by the regulatory agencies in a gene therapy study for Fanconi anemia patients (NCI Clinical Trial Reporting Program Registry ID NCI-2011-00202; clinicaltrials.gov identifier: 01331018).