ABSTRACT
Anthocyanins, water-soluble flavonoids that produce red-to-blue pigment in plants, have antioxidant properties and have been developed as a functional food to fight obesity. In randomized controlled trials (RCTs), a systematic review with meta-analysis (SR-MA) was used to investigate these anti-obesity effects. Using search engines (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane-library, and CINAHL) and keywords (anthocyanins, BMI, WC, WHR, and inflammatory biomarkers), 11 out of 642 RCTs (28.3-500 mg/day of anthocyanins for 4 to 24 weeks) were included. The results showed a significant reduction in body mass index (BMI) (MD = -0.36, 95% CI = -0.58 to -0.13), but body weight (BW) and waist circumference (WC) did not change. Anthocyanins decreased BMI in the non-obese (non-OB) group in five RCTs (BMI ≤ 25; MD = -0.40 kg/m2; 95% CI = -0.64 to -0.16;) but did not affect BMI in the obese (OB) group. A subgroup analysis of six RCTs showed that fewer than 300 mg/day reduced BMI (MD = -0.37; 95% CI = -0.06 to -0.14), but ≥300 mg/day did not. A treatment duration of four weeks for four RCTs was sufficient to decrease the BMI (MD = -0.41; 95% CI = -0.66 to -0.16) as opposed to a longer treatment (6-8 or ≥12 weeks). An analysis of the effect of anthocyanins on the BMI showed a significant fall among those from the Middle East compared to those from Asia, Europe, South America, or Oceania. In conclusion, the anthocyanin supplementation of 300 mg/day or less for four weeks was sufficient to reduce the BMI and BW compared to the higher-dose and longer-treatment RCTs. However, further studies might be conducted regarding the dose- or period-dependent responses on various obese biomarkers.
Subject(s)
Anthocyanins/administration & dosage , Dietary Supplements , Obesity/diet therapy , Asia , Body Mass Index , Body Weight , Europe , Female , Humans , Male , Middle East , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , South America , Waist CircumferenceABSTRACT
A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was carried out to assess L-carnitine supplements' influence on the biomarkers of metabolic syndrome (MetSyn). PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane library, and CINAHL were used to collect RCT studies published prior to February 2020. RCT studies were included if they had at least one of the following biomarker outcome measurements: waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP), fasting blood sugar (FBS), triglyceride (TG), or high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDLc). Nine of twenty studies with adequate methodological quality were included in this meta-analysis. The dose of L-carnitine supplementation administered varied between 0.75 and 3 g/day for durations of 8-24 weeks. L-carnitine supplementation significantly reduced WC and systolic BP (SBP), with no significant effects on FBS, TG, and HDLc. We found that L-carnitine supplementation at a dose of more than 1 g/d significantly reduced FBS and TG and increased HDLc. In conclusion, L-carnitine supplementation is correlated with a significant reduction of WC and BP. A dose of 1-3 g/d could improve the biomarkers of MetSyn by reducing FBS and TG and increasing HDLc.
Subject(s)
Carnitine/pharmacology , Diet/statistics & numerical data , Dietary Supplements , Metabolic Syndrome/prevention & control , Aged , Biomarkers/analysis , Blood Glucose/drug effects , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Cardiometabolic Risk Factors , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Diet/adverse effects , Female , Humans , Male , Metabolic Syndrome/etiology , Middle Aged , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Triglycerides/blood , Waist Circumference/drug effectsABSTRACT
Rapid increase in the prevalence of obesity-related metabolic inflammatory diseases has led to research focused on nutraceuticals for their treatment. This study investigated the effects of the ethanol extracts of mung bean testa (MBT) on the metabolic inflammation-induced lipogenesis in gastrocnemius muscle of KK-Ay diabese mice. Ethanol extracts of MBT were orally administered to diabese KK-Ay mice for 4 weeks after diet-induced obesity model was generated by feeding a 60% high-fat diet for 3 weeks. Although there were no changes in body weight gain, MBT treatments decreased total weight of white adipose tissue. MBT also decreased triacylglycerol and total cholesterol levels in the muscle by 30%, which was correlated with suppression of lipogenic genes such as ACC, C/EBP alpha, PGC-1 alpha, and PPAR gamma. In particular, decreased levels of p-ERK1/2, PPAR gamma, and C/EBP alpha in the MBT-treated groups suggest that MBT might inhibit adipogenesis and decrease differentiation via the MEK/ERK pathway. Furthermore, significantly lower amounts of plasma interleukin (IL)-6 and intramuscular tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were detected in MBT groups, confirming the anti-inflammatory effect of mung bean. In addition, our in vitro pilot study with 3T3-L1 cells showed that vitexin, the functional chemical in MBT, inhibited inflammation-induced lipogenesis with significantly lower amounts of IL-6 and MCP-1 after 14 days of vitexin treatment. Thus, the functional compounds in the mung bean ethanol extracts such as vitexin and isovitexin may regulate intracellular lipogenesis and adipogenesis via anti-inflammatory mechanisms and MEK/ERK pathway in the KK-Ay mouse model.
Subject(s)
Cytokines/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diet therapy , Fabaceae/chemistry , Inflammation/diet therapy , Lipogenesis/drug effects , Obesity/diet therapy , 3T3-L1 Cells , Adipose Tissue, White/drug effects , Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism , Animals , Apigenin/pharmacology , Body Weight/drug effects , Chemokine CCL2/metabolism , Cholesterol/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism , Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects , Disease Models, Animal , Ethanol/chemistry , Inflammation/metabolism , Interleukin-6/metabolism , MAP Kinase Signaling System/genetics , Male , Mice , Obesity/metabolism , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Triglycerides/metabolismABSTRACT
Vitamin D is an important factor for calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. A negative relationship has been observed between vitamin D status and diseases such as cancer, arthritis, diabetes, and muscle fiber atrophy. However, the relationship between vitamin D and prevention of skeletal muscle damage has not been clearly elucidated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin D on exercise-induced muscle changes. Rats were divided into 3 groups: (1) sedentary control (C: n=10), (2) high-intensity exercise (HE: n=10), and (3) high-intensity exercise with vitamin D supplementation (HED: n=10; i.p. 1000 IU/kg body weight). Rats were trained for 30 min/day on treadmills (5 days/week for 8 weeks) with the running speed gradually increased up to 30 m/min at a 3° incline. At the end of the training period, the running speed was 38 m/min at a 5° incline. The high-intensity exercise significantly increased plasma creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. In addition, IL-6 and TNF-α levels as well as phosphorylation of AMPK, p38, ERK1/2, IKK, and IκB were significantly increased. Vitamin D-treated rats showed a significant decrease in plasma CK level, phosphorylation of AMPK, p38, ERK1/2, IKK, and IκB, and gene expression of IL-6 and TNF-α. Furthermore, the protein expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR) was highly increased in the muscles of HED-treated rats, respectively. Therefore, we concluded that vitamin D may play a pivotal role in exercise-induced muscle damage and inflammation through the modulation of MAPK and NF-κB involved with VDR.
