Effects of ultraviolet weathering aging on the color stability and biocompatibility of various computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing glass-ceramic materials.

OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the changes in color stability and biocompatibility of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) glass-ceramics after ultraviolet weathering (UW) aging. METHODS: A total of 300 plate-shaped specimens (12.0 × 14.0 × 1.5 mm3) were prepared using a leucite-reinforced glass-ceramic (IPS Empress CAD; E), a lithium disilicate (IPS e.max CAD; M), and two zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (Celtra Duo; C, Vita Suprinity; V) glass-ceramics. Specimens were divided into three groups (n = 25, each), subjected to water storage at 37 °C for 24 h (control group), or UW aging at 150 kJ/m2 (first-aged group) or 300 kJ/m2 (second-aged group). The color stability, mechanical and surface properties, and biocompatibility of the CAD-CAM glass-ceramics were investigated experimentally, followed by statistical analysis. RESULTS: The brightness and redness or greenness were reduced in all groups after aging. After the first aging, V exhibited the largest color change and E exhibited the smallest color change. After the second aging, E exhibited the highest nanoindentation hardness and Young's modulus. The surface roughness was the highest for V after the first aging. Furthermore, the hydrophilicity of the materials increased after aging process. The cell proliferation/viability of human gingival fibroblasts was the highest in E before and after aging. Almost all cells survived for all groups based on a live/dead assay. CONCLUSIONS: Leucite-reinforced glass-ceramic exhibit the highest color stability and biocompatibility after aging. The color stability and biocompatibility of CAD-CAM glass-ceramics depend on the aging process and material type. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Various CAD-CAM glass-ceramics exhibit adequate color stability after UW aging. The leucite-reinforced glass-ceramics exhibit the highest color stability, cell proliferation, and viability after aging. The color stability, mechanical and surface properties, and biocompatibility of the glass-ceramics depend on the aging process and material type.

The Impact of (COVID)-19 on Beverage Purchasing Behaviors in Korea.

Objective: In this study, we examined changes in purchase behavior of alcoholic beverages (ie, soju, beer, wine, traditional Korean liquor, and liquor) and non-alcoholic beverages (ie, fruit and vegetable juices, coffee, tea, bottled water, milk, yogurt, and plant-based milk) before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Monthly beverage expenditure data, based on Korean household demographic information, was used for 3 years and 6 months. The 2-part model was used for analysis. To examine the effect of COVID-19, beverage expenditure was analyzed after dividing it into short-term and long-term effects. Results: Our results show that the probability of purchasing alcoholic beverages increased owing to the long-term effect of the COVID-19 pandemic. The amounts of beer, wine, and traditional Korean liquor purchased increased in the long-term. The purchase of sweet drinks decreased (ie, fruit and vegetable juices and yogurt) in the long-term because of the effect of the pandemic. On the other hand, tea, water, and plant-based milk expenditures increased. Conclusion: This beverage consumption pattern reflects both unhealthy (ie, an increase in alcoholic beverage purchases) and healthy drinking behaviors (ie, a decrease in sweet beverage purchases and an increase in tea, water, and plant-based milk purchases).

Real-world dose reduction of standard and modified FOLFIRINOX in metastatic pancreatic cancer: a systematic review, evidence-mapping, and meta-analysis.

Background: FOLFIRINOX, used in metastatic pancreatic cancer (MPC), is highly efficacious but also toxic. Various dose modifications for FOLFIRINOX have been introduced to reduce toxicity. However, these studies lack a unified pattern for 'planned' dose modification, and the 'actually administered' dose varied more. Objective: To map a 10-year trend for 'planned' and 'actual' doses of FOLFIRINOX and investigate the clinical outcomes according to dose modification. Data sources and methods: A comprehensive systematic literature search was conducted from January 2011 to September 2021. All studies for FOLFIRINOX as first-line treatment in MPC were considered. Selected studies were firstly classified according to prospective versus retrospective research, secondly standard versus modified FOLFIRINOX, and thirdly 'planned' versus 'actual' dose. For evidence-mapping for the trend of dose modification, we developed a web-based interactive bubble-plot program (www.RDI-map.com). Objective response rate (ORR) and hematologic toxicity were set as endpoints for the comparison of clinical outcomes according to dose modification. Results: A total of 37 studies were identified for evidence-mapping (11 prospective and 26 retrospective studies). There were 12 different types of 'planned' dose modification in FOLFIRINOX ranging 75-100% oxaliplatin, 75-100% irinotecan, 0-100% 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) bolus, and 75-133% 5-FU continuous injection. The 'actual' dose further decreased to 54-96%, 61-88%, 0-92%, and 63-98%, respectively. For the standard versus modified FOLFIRINOX, the ORR was 28.2% (95% CI: 22.5-33.9%) and 33.8% (95% CI: 30.3-37.3%), respectively (p = 0.100), and the incidence of febrile neutropenia was 11.6% (95% CI: 0-16.0%) and 5.5% (95% CI: 0-8.9%), respectively (p = 0.030). Conclusions: RDI-map.com enables multifactorial evidence-mapping for practical FOLFIRINOX dose reduction. The pattern of dose modification was not consistent across studies, and there was a significant gap between the 'planned' and 'actual' doses. Modified FOLFIRINOX showed similar efficacy to the standard regimen with reduced incidence of febrile neutropenia.