Proton Irradiation on Halide Perovskites: Numerical Calculations.

The results of numerical SRIM and SCAPS calculations for the ionization, displacement and heating of hybrid perovskites under the influence of protons (E = 0.15, 3.0 and 18 MeV) are presented and show that the lowest transfer energy is demonstrated by the MAPbI3, FAPbBr3 and FAPbI3 compounds, which represent the greatest potential for use as solar cells in space devices. On the other hand, it is found that perovskite compositions containing FA and Cs and with mixed cations are the most stable from the point of view of the formation of vacancies and phonons and are also promising as radiation-resistant materials with respect to powerful proton fluxes. Taking into account the lateral distribution of proton tracks showed that, at an energy level of several MeV, the release of their energy can be considered uniform over the depth and area of the entire solar cell, suggesting that the simple protection by plastic films from the low-energy protons is sufficient.

The Stability of Hybrid Perovskites with UiO-66 Metal-Organic Framework Additives with Heat, Light, and Humidity.

This study is devoted to investigating the stability of metal-organic framework (MOF)-hybrid perovskites consisting of CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) and UiO-66 without a functional group and UiO-66 with different COOH, NH2,and F functional groups under external influences including heat, light, and humidity. By conducting crystallinity, optical, and X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) measurements after long-term aging, all of the prepared MAPbI3@UiO-66 nanocomposites (with pristine UiO-66 or UiO-66 with additional functional groups) were stable to light soaking and a relative humidity (RH) of 50%. Moreover, the UiO-66 and UiO-66-(F)4 hybrid perovskite films possessed a higher heat tolerance than the other two UiO-66 with the additional functional groups of NH2 and COOH. Tthe MAPbI3@UiO-66-(F)4 delivered the highest stability and improved optical properties after aging. This study provides a deeper understanding of the impact of the structure of hybrid MOFs on the stability of the composite films.

Thermal Effects and Halide Mixing of Hybrid Perovskites: MD and XPS Studies.

Thermal effects in organo-metal halide perovskites are studied by ab initio molecular dynamics (MD) simulations performed at effective temperatures of 293 and 383 K and by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). We find that the cause of thermal instability in this class of perovskites is the rotation of the methylammonium (MA) groups that destroy the rigid lattice of pure compounds (MAPbI3 and MAPbBr3). When the Pb-I lattice is initially distorted by partial replacement of the I with Cl or Br, this not only prevents formation of PbI2 seeds but also improves lattice flexibility and stability against the temperature-induced motion and rotation of MA groups.

XPS evidence of degradation mechanism in CH3NH3PbI3 hybrid perovskite.

In this study, we investigate the photo-/thermal degradation mechanism of hybrid perovskites by using x-ray photoelectron (XPS) valence band (VB) spectra coupling with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Herein, CH3NH3PbI3 is respectively subjected to irradiation with visible light and annealing at an exposure of 0-1000 h. It is found from XPS survey spectra that, in both cases (irradiation and annealing), a decrease in the I:Pb ratio is observed with aging time, which unambiguously indicates the formation of PbI2 as the product of photo/thermal degradation. The comparison of the XPS VB spectra of irradiated and annealed perovskites with the DFT calculations of CH3NH3PbI3 and PbI2 compounds have showed a systematic decrease in the contribution of I-5p states, which allows us to determine the respective threshold for degradation, which is 500 h for light irradiation and 200 h for annealing. This discrepancy might be due to the fact that the relaxation of thermal excitations of the system is carried out only by the phonons (which are non-radiative physical processes) while the radiative processes occurred during the photoexcitation will elastically or inelastically divert part of the external energy from the system to reduce its impact on perovskite degradation.

ITO Modification for Efficient Inverted Organic Solar Cells.

We demonstrate a facile approach to designing transparent electron-collecting electrodes by depositing thin layers of medium and low work function metals on top of transparent conductive metal oxides (TCOs) such as ITO and FTO. The modified electrodes were fairly stable for months under ambient conditions and maintained their electrical characteristics. XPS spectroscopy data strongly suggested integration of the deposited metal in the TCO structure resulting in additional doping of the conducting oxide at the interface. Kelvin probe microscopy measurements revealed a significant decrease in the ITO work function after modification. Organic solar cells based on three different conjugated polymers have demonstrated state of the art performances in inverted device geometry using Mg- or Yb-modified ITO as electron collecting electrode. The simplicity of the proposed approach and the excellent ambient stability of the modified ITO electrodes allows one to expect their wide utilization in research laboratories and electronic industry.

Selective Area Band Engineering of Graphene using Cobalt-Mediated Oxidation.

This study reports a scalable and economical method to open a band gap in single layer graphene by deposition of cobalt metal on its surface using physical vapor deposition in high vacuum. At low cobalt thickness, clusters form at impurity sites on the graphene without etching or damaging the graphene. When exposed to oxygen at room temperature, oxygen functional groups form in proportion to the cobalt thickness that modify the graphene band structure. Cobalt/Graphene resulting from this treatment can support a band gap of 0.30 eV, while remaining largely undamaged to preserve its structural and electrical properties. A mechanism of cobalt-mediated band opening is proposed as a two-step process starting with charge transfer from metal to graphene, followed by formation of oxides where cobalt has been deposited. Contributions from the formation of both CoO and oxygen functional groups on graphene affect the electronic structure to open a band gap. This study demonstrates that cobalt-mediated oxidation is a viable method to introduce a band gap into graphene at room temperature that could be applicable in electronics applications.

Influence of electropolishing and anodic oxidation on morphology, chemical composition and corrosion resistance of niobium.

The work presents results of the studies performed on electropolishing of pure niobium in a bath that contained: sulphuric acid, hydrofluoric acid, ethylene glycol and acetanilide. After the electropolishing, the specimens were subjected to anodic passivation in a 1moldm(-3) phosphoric acid solution at various voltages. The surface morphology, thickness, roughness and chemical composition of the resulting oxide layers were analysed. Thusly prepared niobium samples were additionally investigated in terms of their corrosion resistance in Ringer's solution. The electropolished niobium surface was determined to be smooth and lustrous. The anodisation led to the growth of barrier-like oxide layers, which were enriched in phosphorus species.

Surface characterisation of Ti-15Mo alloy modified by a PEO process in various suspensions.

This paper reports on the surface modification of a Ti-15Mo alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO). This process was carried out in solutions of 0.1M Ca(H2PO2)2 with various concentrations of tricalcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2), wollastonite (CaSiO3), or silica (SiO2) using voltages of up to 350V. The surface microstructure (SEM, cross-section of coating), roughness and chemical composition (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, thin layer X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy) of the porous oxide layers were investigated. The concentration of powder added to the solution changed the chemical composition and morphology of PEO coatings on the Ti-15Mo alloy surface. Calcium and phosphorous compounds were detected in the coatings formed on the substrate by the PEO process at 300V.