ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Phyllodes tumors belong to a spectrum of biphasic fibroepithelial lesions and are most commonly found in the breast. They are extremely rare in the urinary tract and only one case of bladder phyllodes tumor has been reported. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a 69-year-old man with gross hematuria without an apparent cause. Computed tomography-urography and cystoscopic examination revealed a 5 × 4 cm lesion in the right ureteral orifice. He underwent a laparoscopic nephroureterectomy and partial cystectomy. Postoperative pathology confirmed a leaf-like structure consisting of myxoid stroma and peripheral urothelium. Stromal cells were spindle-shaped and stellate in appearance with no conspicuous cytological atypia or mitosis. The outlining urothelium had varying degrees of dysplasia, while in areas with moderate-to-severe dysplasia, active mitotic activity, abnormal giant cells, and focal early infiltration were observed. Overall, this case had the morphological features of benign phyllodes tumors and concomitant invasive urothelial carcinoma inside. The patient remained disease-free at 7 months after surgery. CONCLUSION: We report the first ureteral tumor with the morphological characteristics of a phyllodes tumor and concomitant invasive urothelial carcinoma inside. Considering the potential for local recurrence of phyllodes tumors and invasive urothelial carcinoma, long-term clinical and radiological follow-up of such lesions are advisable.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms , Carcinoma, Transitional Cell , Phyllodes Tumor , Ureteral Neoplasms , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms , Male , Humans , Aged , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology , Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/pathology , Ureteral Neoplasms/surgery , Ureteral Neoplasms/pathology , Phyllodes Tumor/surgery , Phyllodes Tumor/complicationsABSTRACT
Effective attachment of magnetic nanoparticles to neuronal membranes has far-reaching significance in activating ion channels and treating neurodegenerative diseases. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) synthesized by the polyol pyrolysis method have the advantages of rich surface functional groups, excellent magnetic properties, controllable particle size and water dispersibility. We propose that perfusion of biotin into the targeted brain area should be initially performed because it tends to be adsorbed by cell membranes, followed by injection of streptavidin (SA)-modified SPIONs into the same area of the brain. By means of the strong binding force between SA and biotin, the SPIONs may subsequently adhere to the cell surfaces in the brain area. In this work, fluorescein isothiocyanate-streptavidin (FITC-SA) was modified on the surface of polyethylene imine (PEI)-SPIONs by the EDC-NHS method and stereotaxically injected into the biotin-supplemented substantia nigra of mice. The combination of fluorescence detection with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed that FITC-SA/PEI-SPIONs adhered to neuronal membranes in the substantia nigra of mice 24 h after injection. The results show that our strategy can promote the attachment of SPIONs to neuronal membranes.
Subject(s)
Cell Membrane/chemistry , Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles/chemistry , Neurons/chemistry , Substantia Nigra/chemistry , Animals , Biotin/administration & dosage , Biotin/chemistry , Cell Adhesion , Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate/administration & dosage , Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate/chemistry , Injections, Intraperitoneal , Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles/administration & dosage , Materials Testing , Mice , Mice, Transgenic , Particle Size , Streptavidin/administration & dosage , Streptavidin/chemistry , Surface PropertiesABSTRACT
The impact of the surface modification on the subcellular distribution of nanoparticles in the brain remains elusive. The nanoparticles prepared by conjugating polyethylene glycol and maleic anhydride-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Mal-SPIONs) with bovine serum albumin (BSA/Mal-SPIONs) and with Arg-Gly-Asp peptide (RGD/Mal-SPIONs) were injected into the rat substantia nigra. Observation of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) samples obtained 24 h after perfusion showed that abundant RGD/Mal-SPIONs accumulated in the myelin sheath, dendrites, axon terminals and mitochondria, and on cell membranes in the brain tissue near the injection site. For rats injected with BSA/Mal-SPIONs, a few nanoparticles accumulated in the myelin sheath, axon terminals, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi, and lysosomes of neurons and glial cells while least SPIONs in rats injected with Mal-SPIONs were found. TEM pictures showed some Mal-SPIONs were expelled out of the brain. RGD/Mal-SPIONs diffused extensively to the thalamus, frontal cortex, temporal lobe, olfactory bulb, and brain stem after injection. Only a few BSA/Mal-SPIONs diffused to the afore-mentioned brain areas. This work reveals different surface modifications on the iron oxide nanoparticles play crucial roles in their distribution and diffusion in the rat brains.
