ABSTRACT
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Therefore, exploring the mechanism of CVDs and critical regulatory factors is of great significance for promoting heart repair, reversing cardiac remodeling, and reducing adverse cardiovascular events. Recently, significant progress has been made in understanding the function of protein kinases and their interactions with other regulatory proteins in myocardial biology. Protein kinases are positioned as critical regulators at the intersection of multiple signals and coordinate nearly every aspect of myocardial responses, regulating contractility, metabolism, transcription, and cellular death. Equally, reconstructing the disrupted protein kinases regulatory network will help reverse pathological progress and stimulate cardiac repair. This review summarizes recent researches concerning the function of protein kinases in CVDs, discusses their promising clinical applications, and explores potential targets for future treatments.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cardiovascular Diseases , Heart , Myocardium , Protein KinasesABSTRACT
The brazing characteristics and bonding strengths of pure titanium joints are evaluated for joints brazed with Zr-17Ti-22Ni filler. Vacuum brazing was conducted at temperatures between the melting temperatures of the filler metals and the beta-transition temperature of pure titanium at 3 MPa of pressure for 5 min. Fracturing of the pure titanium joint brazed at 1,093 K occurred before yielding during the tensile tests owing to the presence of a serious segregation region containing harder and more brittle [Ti, Zr]2Ni intermetallic compounds. In contrast, in pure titanium joints brazed at and above 1,113 K, fracturing occurred at the base metal. The yield strengths of the samples brazed at 1,113 K-1,133 K were estimated to be in the range of 320-350 MPa and the ultimate tensile strengths likewise ranged from 350 to 380 MPa. The strength of pure titanium brazed at 1,153 K decreased rapidly. The results of this study show that the optimum temperature to ensure good performance after the brazing of pure titanium with Zr-17Ti-22Ni as a filler metal ranges from 1,113 K to 1,133 K.
