Histomorphometry of the vesicourethral

To evaluate the elastic system fibers in the vesicourethral junction of wistar rats at different ages, histological and histomorphometric studies were conducted. The histology study of the elastic system fibers for selective staining methods showed the presence of three types of elastic fibers. In all age groups studied, histology study satisfactorily showed the structurals differences between the mature elastic fibers, elaunin and oxytalan fibers, which were located among the intercellular spaces of the muscular layer as well as between collagen fibers. Histomorphometric studies have revealed that with the advanced age, there is a decrease in the linear density of the mature elastic and oxytalan fibers, while the linear density of elaunin fibers has increased. Thus, it could be inferred that in the vesicourethral junction of old animals, there is a fall in the elasticity, elastic recoil and anchorage properties due a loss of elastin and microfibrils, but they are compensated by the elaunin fibers, since they show intermediate characteristics between mature elastic fibers and oxytalan fibers. It could be concluded that the aging process of the elastic fibers in the vesicourethral junction does not contribute alone and directly in the urinary incontinence state, but it compensates and gives muscular support, mainly due to the increase of the elaunin fibers, what makes the elastic system in the vesicourethral junction responsible for the maintenance of the urinary continence.

Histomorphometrical study of the elastic fiber system in the anterior cerebral artery of man.

The aim of the present study was to quantify the distribution of the elastic fiber system within the wall of the anterior cerebral artery. The study is based on the works of Glynn (1940) and Stehbens (1989) concerning the incidence and origin of brain aneurysms and recent studies of the elastic fibers. The anterior cerebral artery was divided into three segments, S1, S2 and S3: S1 corresponds to the origin of the anterior cerebral artery, S2 is located at the junction of the anterior cerebral artery with the anterior communicating artery, and S3 at the junction of the rostrum and genu of the corpus callosum,which were submitted to routine histological procedures. A histomorphometrical study was undertaken using an estimation of the linear density (Ld) of the components of the fibrous elastic system which evaluates their full length in each segment. Data were analyzed using first order linear regression methods. The results show a decreasing quantity of elastic fibers in the three segments (S1>S2>S3). Study of the elastic fiber system may originate new concepts regarding the genesis of cerebral artery aneurysm.

Angioarchitectural arrangements in corrosion cast of the nasal septum of the Mongolian gerbil.

The three-dimensional architecture of the vascular network of the nasal septum of the gerbil rat was studied using the corrosive resin cast technique. The angioarchitecture of the nasal septum observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that a vascular network is disposed in the lamina propria. The capillaries, arterioles, venules and arteries were closely observed in different areas of the nasal septum mucosa.

A histomorphological study in age related changes in the elastic fiber system of the basilar artery.

The aim of the study was to quantify the distribution of elastic fibers within the wall of the basilar artery. Three age groups were studied: 1) 0-1 yr.; 2) 20-50 yr. 3) > 50 yr. A histomorphometrical study was undertaken using an estimation of the linear density of the components of the fibrous elastic tissue system: the full length in the proximal and distal segments of the basilar artery was evaluated. Our results showed that: The elastic tissue of the basilar artery is not evenly distributed throughout the tunica media. Compared to the 0 to 1-year age group, mature elastic, elauninic and oxytalan fibers decreased with age. In all age groups the linear density of the mature elastic fibers was more evident in the proximal than in the distal segment of the artery.

[The teaching of anatomy: a student view]. / O ensino da anatomia: uma visão discente.

This article contributes to the discussion of the Base Cycle discipline syllabus reformulation, specifically on the Anatomical field, at São Paulo University. Based on student board opinion poli, this article establishes objective indicators for teaching improvement of those disciplines, in a comparative manner to the faculty board conception.

Study on optic microscope of the muscle and elastic components of the aorto-iliac bifurcation septum and initial segment of the middle sacral artery.

In this work the aorto-iliac bifurcation septum and the initial segment of the middle sacral artery were analyzed through optic microscope. 20 anatomical pieces of corpses from subjects of both sexes aging from 20 to 33 years were examined. After collection of pieces and fixation in formaline for 48 hours, histological sections of 20 microns were made and stained with the methods of Weigert, Verhoeff and Picrofucsine of Van Gieson. It was observed that the middle sacral artery arises from the posterior aortic wall laterally to the aorto-iliac bifurcation septum. The sequential analysis of the sections showed that the septum is lined by a thickening of connective tissue along its length and elastic fibers predominate on its central portion. Bundles of muscle fibers prevail on the lateral and posterior regions. It was observed, above the origin of the middle sacral artery, a reorganisation of tissues which represents, more caudally, the ostium of the artery. It was verified that the middle sacral artery arises at the aorto-iliac bifurcation septum, which is a transitional region and should be classified of mixed type and called aorto-septo-sacral transition.

[Micro-mesoscopic study of the lateral wall of the human cavernous sinus]. / Estudo micro-mesoscópico da parede lateral do seio cavernoso humano.

The authors studied the structures of human cavernous sinus in its interior as well as on the lateral wall, utilizing thick, frontal, sequential sections. They show the significance of this wall, frequently used as surgical accessway to diseases encountered within this venous structure of the dura-mater.

Age-related changes in the human renal veins and their valves.

Age-related anatomical changes in the human renal veins and their valves were studied. The principal changes were: 1. The muscle fiber bundles were noted to progressively atrophy as a function of age, while conservely the elastic fiber bundles hypertrophied. 2. The valves of the renal veins were observed to become gradually thicker with age as a result of the increased number of collagen fiber bundles.

[Morphological study of human arachnoid granulations with reference to their classification]. / Estudo morfológico das granulações aracnóides humanas com referência a sua classificação.

Stereomicroscopic and microscopic study showed human arachnoid granulations with different morphology that we classified in simple and lobate. Simple granulations were small and completely involved by fibrous capsule that delimited a continuous subdural space from the pedicle to the apex. Lobate granulations were bigger than the simple; in the apex the fibrous capsule was thinner than in other regions, and fused with granulation periphery causing interruption of subdural space. Simple granulations might be an initial development stage; lobate granulations would represent a higher development stage, with ideal morphologic structure for absorption of the CSF.

Estudo morfológico das granulaçöes aracnóides humanas com referência a sua classificaçäo / Morphological study of human arachnoid granulations regarding their classification

O estudo das granulaçöes aracnóides humanas por esteromicroscópio e microscópio óptico revelou que em um mesmo indivíduo estäo presentes granulaçöes morfologicamente distintas, que classificamos em simples e lobuladas. As granulaçöes simples eram pequenas e completamente envoltas por cápsula fibrosa que delimitava, em torno das granulaçöes, espaço subdural contínuo desdce o pedículo até o ápice. As granulaçöes lobuladas eram maiores que as simples; em seu ápice a cápsula era delgada e ocorria interrupçäo do espaço subdural, devido à fusäo do tecido fibroso da cápsula com a periferia da granulaçäo. As granulaçöes simples estavam possivelmente em fase inicial de desenvolvimento, enquanto as granulaçöes lobuladas estariam em fase mais avançada, com estrutura morfológica ideal para absorçäo do LCR

Arachnoid granulation affected by subarachnoid hemorrhage.

The purpose of this study was to investigate using light microscopy the fibrocellular components of arachnoid granulations affected by mild and severe subarachnoid hemorrhage. The erythrocytes were in the channels delimited by collagenous and elastic bundles and arachnoid cells, showing their tortuous and inter-communicating row from the pedicle to the fibrous capsule. The core portion of the pedicle and the center represented a principal route to the bulk outflow of cerebrospinal fluid and erythrocytes. In the severe hemorrhage, the fibrocellular components are disorganized, increasing the extracellular channels. We could see arachnoid granulations without erythrocytes, which cells showed big round nucleus suggesting their transformation into phagocytic cells.

Arachnoid granulation affected by subarachnoid hemorrhage

Por microscopia óptica foram estudados os componentes fibrosos das granulaçöes aracnódes de indivíduos acometidos por hemorragia subaracnóide de tipo moderado ou severo. Os eritrócitos estavam presentes nos canais delimitados por feixes de fibras elásticas, colágenas e células aracnóides. Os canais tortuosos e intercomunicantes eram observados desde o pediculo até a cápsula fibrosa da granulaçäo aracnóide. O principal trajeto dos eritrócitos e do líquido cáfalo-raquidiano ocorria no interior do pedículo e centro da granulaçäo aracnóide. Na hemorragia severa, os compoentes fibro-musculares estavam desorganizados e os canais extra-celulares aumentados. A presença de células com grandes núcleos, observada no material hemorrágico, é sugestiva de transformaçöes das células aracnóides em células fagocitárias, para promover a digestäo intracelular dos eritrócitos

Arquitetura morfofuncional das veias testiculares em adulto / Morphofunctional architecture of testicular veins in adults

A correlaçäo entre a varicocele e a esterilidade masculina levou-nos a estudar a arquitetura das veias testiculares. Foram utilizados 12 cadáveres, com idade variando entre 23 e 64 anos. Isoladas as veias testiculares em toda sua extensäo e fixadas em soluçäo de formol a 10//, foram obtidos cortes seriados espessos e corados para evidenciar os tecidos muscular e fibroso. O arranjo dos feixes de fibras musculares mostra disposiçäo diferente ao nível das desembocaduras à direita e à esquerda. O arranjo do tecido fibroso é semelhante ao do tecido muscular. A análise micromesoscópica mostra sistemas músculo-fibrosos adaptados a regulaçäo do fluxo sanguíneo nas junçöes venosas cavo e renotesticular

[Morphofunctional architecture of the testicular veins in adults]. / Arquitetura morfofuncional das veias testiculares em adultos.

The correlation between varicocele and male sterility, mentioned by several authors, led us to study the disposition of the testicular veins, especially at the level of their ending, trying to provide an anatomical description, which may contribute with new etiopathogenic information, in order to interpret that pathologic entity. The arrangements of the muscular fiber bundles show a different disposition in the right and left side, mainly in their distinct orientation. The collagen and elastic tissue show an arrangement similar to the muscular fibers, in order to improve the blood flow, sometimes in the reno-testicular and sometimes in the cavo-testicular junction.

The vertebral artery: its relationship with adjoining tissues in its course intra and inter transverse processes in man.

The authors study the vertebral artery from its origin to termination, especially in its course inter and intra transverse process and show its relation to venous and nervous structures, as well as its behavior toward adjacent conjunctive tissue. They discuss the relation of the anatomy to the physiopathology of the vertebral artery and come to the conclusion that the vertebral artery is fixed to adjacent structures in the fibrous osteomuscular tunnel by means of a continuous lamina of collagen along its entire course and that there is considerable independence between the artery and the branches of these final nerves.

Morphology, distribution and types of valves in the adult male's testicular veins.

Morphologically, the pampiniform plexuses investigated had, in their majority, no vascular spiraling on the left side, the same occurring on the right side; however, as for the total number of valves, except for those of the pampiniform plexuses, the left side was found contain a greater number of valves. As regards valve types, there is a predominance of double semilunar one on both sides rather than single semilunar valves.

Microscopic anatomy of the human vertebro-basilar system.

Concerning the structure of connective-muscular components the authors studied the walls of the terminal segments of the vertebral arteries as well as the basilar artery, utilizing the following staining methods: Azan modified by Heidenheim, Weigert's resorcin-fuchsin, and Weigert modified by van Gieson. It was established that wall of the vertebro-basilar system exhibits a mixed structure, muscular and elastic, by means of which the vessels are adjusted to the specific blood circulation conditions. Thus, vertebral arteries show in the most external layer of tunica media an evident external elastic lamina. In contrast, in the basilar artery the elastic tissue is localized mainly in the tunica media, and is distributed heterogeneously. In its caudal segment the elastic fibers are situated in the most internal layer of tunica media, and in the cranial segment the elastic component is homogeneously distributed in the whole of tunica media.

[Micro-mesoscopic study of fibro-muscular structures of the venous nephro-adrenal transition in humans]. / Etude micro-mésoscopique des structures fibro-musculaires de la transition veineuse néphro-surrénalienne chez l'homme.

The purpose of this work has been to study the disposition of the fiber and muscular tissues of the wall of the supra-renal left vein, and of its transition to the renal vein. We analysed the disposition of the bundles of muscular, collagenic, elastic and myoelastic fibers, and how they integrate from a morpho-functional point of view. In a general way, we evidence the presence of strong longitudinal musculature in the venous wall, and condensations of the collagenic tissue at the level of the ostium of the mouth which constitutes real pillars of sustain of the bundles of the muscular fibers. In relation to the venous transition we concluded that, the morpho-functional architecture of the region, do not suggest the existence of a morphological sphincter but, in fact of the physiological sphincter.

[Morphofunctional study of the cava-hepatic venous transition in humans]. / Contribuição para o estudo morfofuncional da transição venosa cavo-hepática no homem.

Using mesoscopic techniques, the authors observed that fibrous muscular bundles were distributed in three layers, from the external to the intima, in the cava-hepatic venous transition zone; these bundles start with a helical course, and bend progressively towards their outlet. Regarding the collagen component, two kinds of fibre bundles were observed: 1) as longitudinal strips, two for each vein that join in an arched form close to the outlet; 2) bundles running in the same direction as muscular bundles. The elastic tissue appears as a component of the myoelastic tendons or as independent bundles. The latter follow the direction of the muscular fibres, but show a decreasing amount when they approach the transition zone. At this point, however, the myoelastic tendons grow thicker.

[The connectivity between the greater occipital nerve and adjacent structures: anatomo-clinical considerations]. / Estudo da conectividade entre o nervo occipital maior e estruturas adjacentes: considerações anátomo-clínicas.

In order to offer anatomical basis that aid for clinical interpretation of headache of cervical origin a macro-mesoscopic study of greater occipital nerve and its subcutaneous rise out site was accomplished. The authors observed that in its course this nerve delineates angles and direction shifts that can stand for critical points in etiology of occipital pain, so that in its subcutaneous rise out region both occipital artery and vein shape the vasculo-nervous bundle wrapped by sheath of fibrous connective tissue which has continuity and contiguity relation with the adjoining epimysium and perimysium. From our results, anatomo-clinical aspects are discussed.