Subject(s)
Genes, p53 , Mutation , Oropharyngeal Neoplasms/etiology , Papillomavirus Infections/complications , Smoking/adverse effects , Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck/etiology , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects , Case-Control Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Oropharyngeal Neoplasms/genetics , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: In December 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued updated guidelines on the prevention of H1N1 influenza virus in healthcare settings. In 2010, the WHO pandemic influenza alert level was still at phase 6. AIM: To study the practice of infection control measures during the 2009 influenza H1N1 pandemic among healthcare workers (HCWs) in three countries. METHODS: A standardized, self-administered anonymous questionnaire survey was conducted in 2010 among doctors, nurses and allied HCWs in 120 hospital-based clinical departments in Hong Kong, Singapore and the UK. Questions were asked on demographics; previous experience and perceived severity of influenza; infection control practices; uptake of seasonal influenza vaccination and H1N1 vaccination. Multiple logistic regression was used to test the independent association with different factors. FINDINGS: A total of 2100 HCWs in the three countries participated. They reported high compliance (>80%) with infection control procedures regarded as standard for droplet-transmitted infections including wearing and changing gloves, and washing hands before and after patient contact. However, the reported use of masks with indirect or direct patient contact (surgical or N95 as required by their hospital) varied considerably (96.4% and 70.4% for Hong Kong; 82.3% and 87.7% for Singapore; 25.3% and 62.0% for the UK). Reported compliance was associated with job title, number of patient contacts and perceived severity of pandemics. There was no association between the uptake for seasonal or 2009 H1N1 vaccines and compliance. CONCLUSIONS: Compliance with infection control measures for pandemic influenza appears to vary widely depending on the setting.
Subject(s)
Cross Infection/epidemiology , Cross Infection/prevention & control , Guideline Adherence/statistics & numerical data , Infection Control/methods , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , Adult , Attitude of Health Personnel , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Hong Kong/epidemiology , Humans , Influenza, Human/virology , Male , Middle Aged , Singapore/epidemiology , Surveys and Questionnaires , United Kingdom/epidemiologyABSTRACT
We examined the surface expression of lactoferrin by human neutrophils. Western blot analysis with anti-lactoferrin antibodies demonstrated the presence of a 78- to 79-kDa band in plasma membranes isolated from resting neutrophils that corresponded to the 78- to 79-kDa protein in neutrophil secondary granules. Flow cytometry using FITC-conjugated anti-lactoferrin antibodies confirmed that lactoferrin is expressed on the neutrophil surface. Preincubating the neutrophils in acidic (pH 3.9) buffer did not alter staining of the cells by the antibodies. Surface expression of lactoferrin was also detected on neutrophils in whole blood. Neutrophil activation by C5a or the calcium ionophore A23187 did not increase the surface expression of lactoferrin. Instead, the level of lactoferrin expression detected with one of two monoclonal antibodies was diminished after neutrophil activation, suggesting a possible conformational change in the lactoferrin. The surface-expressed lactoferrin may provide a mechanism for the interaction between lactoferrin-binding microorganisms and neutrophils.
