Bilateral axillary node calcifications: a case report and revisiting causes.

A 48-year woman was found to have bilateral axillary nodal microcalcifications on screening mammogram; a new finding compared to the prior mammogram done about 8 years ago. Combining the new finding with the amorphous and fine morphology of the microcalcifications, deemed it suspicious. In the absence of a definite benign cause, that could be attributed to this finding, biopsy was performed. Histology from the bilateral axillary node was reported to be benign with calcifications identified within granulomas. There are only a few cases with bilateral axillary nodal microcalcifications reported in the literature till date. Most of these are from ovarian cancer or related to chrysotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Our case is distinct from them as this rare finding was not due to any of the known etiologies and the morphology is quite different from the known granulomatous causes. As we report this rare case, we also revisit the causes of axillary nodal microcalcifications. Familiarity with this subject can help the reporting radiologists to avert an invasive procedure like biopsy in some cases, if the cause of benignity can be confidently identified.

Can Contrast-Enhanced Spectral Mammography (CESM) Reduce Benign Breast Biopsy?

Objectives: To evaluate the potential of contrast-enhanced spectral mammography (CESM) in reducing benign breast biopsy rate, thereby improving resource utilization. To explore its potential as a value-adding modality in the management of BI-RADS 4/5 lesions. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study conducted between July 2016 and September 2018. Patients with BI-RADS 4/5 lesions detected on conventional imaging (mammogram, digital breast tomosynthesis, and ultrasound) were enrolled for adjunct CESM. Histopathologic correlation was done for all lesions. Additional suspicious lesions detected on CESM were all identified on second-look ultrasound and subsequently biopsied. Images were evaluated independently by two radiologists trained in breast imaging using BI-RADS classification. Presence of enhancement on CESM, BI-RADS score, and histopathology of each lesion were analyzed and tested with the chi-square/fisher-exact test for statistical significance. Results: The study included 105 lesions in 63 participants-1 man and 62 women, an average age of 53.7 ± 10.8 years. On CESM, 22 (20.9%) of the lesions did not show enhancement. All 22 lesions had been classified as BI-RADS 4A and were subsequently proven to be benign. Of the remaining 83 enhancing lesions, 54 (65.1%) were malignant and 29 (34.9%) were benign (p < 0.05). CESM detected 6 additional lesions which were not identified on initial conventional imaging. Four of these were proven malignant and were in a different quadrant than the primary lesion investigated. Conclusion: There is evidence that the absence of enhancement in CESM strongly favors benignity. It may provide the reporting radiologist with greater confidence in imaging assessment, especially in BI-RADS 4A cases, where a proportion of them are in actuality BI-RADS 3. Greater accuracy of BI-RADS grading can reduce nearly half of benign biopsies and allow better resource allocation. CESM also increases the detection rate of potentially malignant lesions, thereby changing the treatment strategies.

Deep learning applied to breast imaging classification and segmentation with human expert intervention.

PURPOSE: Automatic classification and segmentation of tumors in breast ultrasound images enables better diagnosis and planning treatment strategies for breast cancer patients. METHODS: We collected 953 breast ultrasound images from two open-source datasets and classified them with help of an expert radiologist according to BI-RADS criteria. The data was split into normal, benign and malignant classes. We then used machine learning to develop classification and segmentation algorithms. RESULTS: We found 3.92% of the images across the open-source datasets had erroneous classifications. Post-radiologist intervention, three algorithms were developed based on the classification categories. Classification algorithms distinguished images with healthy breast tissue from those with abnormal tissue with 96% accuracy, and distinguished benign from malignant images with 85% accuracy. Both algorithms generated robust F1 and AUROC metrics. Finally, the masses within images were segmented with an 80.31% DICE score. CONCLUSIONS: Our work illustrates the potential of deep learning algorithms to improve the accuracy of breast ultrasound assessments and to facilitate automated assessments.

Role of mammogram and ultrasound imaging in predicting breast cancer subtypes in screening and symptomatic patients.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer (BC) radiogenomics, or correlation analysis of imaging features and BC molecular subtypes, can complement genetic analysis with less resource-intensive diagnostic methods to provide an early and accurate triage of BC. This is pertinent because BC is the most prevalent cancer amongst adult women, resulting in rising demands on public health resources. AIM: To find combinations of mammogram and ultrasound imaging features that predict BC molecular subtypes in a sample of screening and symptomatic patients. METHODS: This retrospective study evaluated 328 consecutive patients in 2017-2018 with histologically confirmed BC, of which 237 (72%) presented with symptoms and 91 (28%) were detected via a screening program. All the patients underwent mammography and ultrasound imaging prior to biopsy. The images were retrospectively read by two breast-imaging radiologists with 5-10 years of experience with no knowledge of the histology results to ensure statistical independence. To test the hypothesis that imaging features are correlated with tumor subtypes, univariate binomial and multinomial logistic regression models were performed. Our study also used the multivariate logistic regression (with and without interaction terms) to identify combinations of mammogram and ultrasound (US) imaging characteristics predictive of molecular subtypes. RESULTS: The presence of circumscribed margins, posterior enhancement, and large size is correlated with triple-negative BC (TNBC), while high-risk microcalcifications and microlobulated margins is predictive of HER2-enriched cancers. Ductal carcinoma in situ is characterized by small size on ultrasound, absence of posterior acoustic features, and architectural distortion on mammogram, while luminal subtypes tend to be small, with spiculated margins and posterior acoustic shadowing (Luminal A type). These results are broadly consistent with findings from prior studies. In addition, we also find that US size signals a higher odds ratio for TNBC if presented during screening. As TNBC tends to display sonographic features such as circumscribed margins and posterior enhancement, resulting in visual similarity with benign common lesions, at the screening stage, size may be a useful factor in deciding whether to recommend a biopsy. CONCLUSION: Several imaging features were shown to be independent variables predicting molecular subtypes of BC. Knowledge of such correlations could help clinicians stratify BC patients, possibly enabling earlier treatment or aiding in therapeutic decisions in countries where receptor testing is not readily available.

A Case Series of Unusual or Infrequent Locations of Breast Cancer Metastases.

Breast cancer metastasis to unusual locations may present as a diagnostic challenge. Recognizing the different manifestations of metastatic breast disease can help to guide patient treatment and assist in disease prognosis. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the imaging findings of some of the unusual or infrequent locations of breast metastases through a series of interesting cases and to revisit this uncommon clinical issue.

Imaging Spectrum of Augmented Breast and Post-Mastectomy Reconstructed Breast with Common Complications: A Pictorial Essay.

Breast augmentation is becoming more common, be it for cosmetic reasons or post-mastectomy. Multiple articles in the literature describe the imaging findings of various types of cosmetic breast augmentation. Some articles describe imaging findings for different types of post-mastectomy reconstructions. This essay aims to serve as a comprehensive reference for the multimodality imaging of various types of breast augmentations in native breast and post-mastectomy reconstructions. Familiarity with these findings will facilitate the detection of complications and new or recurrent breast malignancies in patients. With the extensive illustrations provided in this essay on normal and abnormal imaging findings of augmented breasts, readers will receive exposure that will facilitate effective practice.

Clinics in diagnostic imaging (197). Left ischiofemoral impingement syndrome.

A 48-year-old woman presented with progressive left hip pain over six months, along with left lower limb weakness for two weeks. Magnetic resonance imaging of the left hip showed narrowing of the left ischiofemoral space, oedema of the left quadratus femoris muscle and left sciatic nerve, and mild bone marrow oedema of the left ischial tuberosity. The diagnosis of left ischiofemoral impingement syndrome was made. The imaging features of ischiofemoral impingement syndrome and the associated aetiologies and complications are discussed.

Breast cancer in a female to male transgender patient 20 years post-mastectomy: Issues to consider.

The incidence of breast cancer reduces by almost 90% after bilateral mastectomy. This applies also to female-to-male (FtM) trans-gender who undergo bilateral mastectomy as part of gender reassignment surgery (GRS). To date, there are only four reported cases in the literature on FtM transgender breast cancer. We present a case of a female-to-male transgender patient who was diagnosed with breast cancer 20 years after having bilateral mastectomy performed as part of GRS. We will describe all similar cases from literature and discuss some important issues related to transgender breast cancer.

Imaging Features of Inflammatory Breast Disorders: A Pictorial Essay.

Inflammatory breast disorders include a wide array of underlying causes, ranging from common benign infection, non-infectious inflammation and inflammation resulting from underlying breast malignancy. Because it is at times difficult to distinguish mastitis and breast cancer based on clinical features, awareness of detailed imaging features may be helpful for better management of inflammatory breast disorders. Therefore, this pictorial essay intends to demonstrate radiologic findings of a variety of inflammatory breast disorders, using selected cases with mammography, ultrasound and magnetic resonance images.

Majority of flat epithelial atypia diagnosed on biopsy do not require surgical excision.

BACKGROUND: Borderline risk lesions such as flat epithelial atypia (FEA) are increasingly being diagnosed on biopsy. The need for surgery is being debated. In this study, we determined the frequency of histological upgrade following a diagnosis of FEA on biopsy and evaluated potential predictive factors. METHODS: Retrospective review was done of 194 women who underwent biopsy of indeterminate lesions (total 195 lesions) that were diagnosed as FEA. The review covered a 10-year period. Cases where malignancy was also present together with FEA within the same biopsy cores were excluded. RESULTS: Lesions diagnosed as FEA on biopsy were mostly asymptomatic and presented as microcalcifications on mammogram. Flat epithelial atypia was the only abnormality detected in one-third of cases, was associated with a benign or another borderline lesion in another third and was associated with atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) in another third. Six patients (3.1%) were later found to have ductal carcinoma-in-situ (DCIS) at surgery. The presence of ADH in the biopsy was the only predictor of histological upgrade to malignancy (P = 0.04, OR 11.24, 95% CI 1.10 - 115.10), and was present in 5 of the 6 patients. Surgery was advised in the last patient because of radiology-pathology discordance. Thirty-six lesions (18.5%) were not excised and no interval progression or malignancy was found on follow up. CONCLUSION: Histological upgrade to malignancy was uncommon in lesions found on biopsy to be FEA. Non-operative management of biopsy-proven FEA can be considered in the absence of ADH and radiology-pathology discordance.

Idiopathic Sclerosing Encapsulating Peritonitis: A Rare Cause of Subacute Intestinal Obstruction.

We present a case of a previously healthy 50-year-old gentleman who had recurrent vomiting and abdominal pain of two-month duration. The patient was subsequently diagnosed with abdominal cocoon on computed tomography. Idiopathic sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis, also known as abdominal cocoon, is a rare cause of small bowel obstruction. Visualization of variable encasement of the small bowel loops by a characteristic membranous sac, either preoperatively with cross-sectional imaging or intraoperatively, is the key to diagnosis. This is a highly treatable condition; surgical excision of the sac with adhesiolysis facilitates a full recovery in affected patients.

Imaging of parotid gland primitive neuroectodermal tumor.

A seven-years-old boy presented with recurrent episodes of right parotid gland swelling that was presumptively being treated as sialoadenitis. Interrogation with ultrasonography, computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a heterogeneous mass occupying the right parapharyngeal space, imperceptibly merging with adjoining parotid gland, scalloping the vertical ramus of the mandible and involving the base skull with widening of the foramen ovale. The findings at surgery and histopathology provided a final diagnosis of parotid gland primitive neuroectodermal tumor. This report emphasizes on the imaging findings of this rare tumor occurring in such an unusual location.