Building a strong foundation from the ground up: the impact of a medical student substance use disorder organization on curriculum and community.

Due to the increasing rates of substance use disorders (SUDs), accidental overdoses, and associated high mortality rates, there is an urgent need for well-trained physicians who can grasp these complex issues and help struggling patients. Preparing these physicians occurs through targeted education and clinical exposure in conjunction with medical school curricula in the field of addiction medicine. Medical students can often feel overwhelmed by the medical school curriculum and changes to the curriculum take time, money, and administrative commitment to ratify. Implementing a student organization dedicated to SUD education can be a solution to provide clinical exposure, education and student autonomy in their medical school experience. At Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit vs. Addiction (DvA) is a student-run organization that is filling the gap in SUD education for medical students whilst providing assistance to the community. DvA not only extends clinical education for physicians in training, but it also provides the medical school with an opportunity to allow students to create a blueprint for education initiatives that can be incorporated as a mainstay in the school's technical trainings. Herein, we describe the evolution of this organization and its activities.

Association of interpregnancy interval and gestational diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between interpregnancy interval (IPI) and risk for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study among singleton, non-anomalous, live birth pregnancies of 5,705,812 pregnant individuals in the United States from 2016 to 2018. We examined IPI of 4-<6 months, 6-11 months, 12-17 months, 24-35 months, 36-47 months, 48-59 months, 60-71 months, and ≥72 months in comparison to the reference interval of 18-23 months in relation to risk for GDM. We used logistic regression to evaluate the association between IPI and risk for GDM. RESULTS: There is a significantly increased risk for GDM associated with IPIs of 6-11 months and 12-17 months compared to the reference of 18-23 months (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] 1.05, 95% CI: 1.03-1.07; aOR 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01-1.03). The risk for GDM is greater for longer IPIs (36-47 months aOR 1.10, 95% CI: 1.05-1.08; 48-59 months aOR 1.11, 95% CI: 1.09-1.13; 60-71 months aOR 1.14, 95% CI: 1.12-1.16; ≥72 months aOR 1.31, 95% CI: 1.30-1.33). CONCLUSION: Our findings support the growing evidence that shorter and longer IPI increase the risk of GDM in pregnant individuals. Screening guidelines for detection of GDM may need to be re-evaluated and updated to include longer IPIs (≥36 months) as a risk factor for earlier screening prior to current recommendation of 24 weeks gestational age.

Long-term effects of opioid overdose prevention and response training on medical student knowledge and attitudes toward opioid overdose: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Medical settings provide ideal opportunities to identify patients with substance use disorders and provide harm reduction and treatment resources. Medical students often volunteer in the community and can spend substantial time with patients, serving as touchpoints. Accordingly, medical schools have begun training in harm reduction. Initial studies show such training acutely improves knowledge, but sustained effects remain unclear. This pilot study explored longer-term impacts of Opioid Overdose Prevention and Response Training (OOPRT) on medical student knowledge about opioids, overdose, and naloxone. METHODS: Students completed a survey about knowledge of opioid use disorder, overdoses, and attitudes towards patients. This included Opioid Overdose Knowledge (OOKS) and Opioid Overdose Attitudes (OOAS) scales. A subset of students was invited to attend OOPRT and complete a post-training survey. All who completed the baseline survey were invited to complete a 6-month follow-up. We analyzed long-term training effects on OOKS and OOAS scores. RESULTS: 89 students completed baseline and 6-month follow-up surveys; of these, 22 received training. OOPRT yielded significant improvements in knowledge of signs of opioid overdose (F(2,38) = 18.04, P < .001), actions to take during overdose (F(2,38) = 8.32, P = .001), and naloxone use (F(2,38) = 35.46, P < .001), along with attitudes regarding overdose competencies (F(2,38) = 99.40, P < .001) and concerns (F(2,38) = 8.86, P < .001). When comparing over time, students who attended OOPRT retained significantly higher competency scores than those who did not attend F(1,87) = 40.82, P < .001). No other significant differences were observed. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates immediate efficacy of OOPRT in improving opioid overdose knowledge and attitudes and sustained changes at 6 months, compared to standard undergraduate medical curricula alone. Future research with larger sample sizes is underway to validate these preliminary findings and examine the difference in attitudes and knowledge retention over time. Given that students report interest in receiving OOPRT and consider it worthwhile, systematic study is warranted.

Preexisting right ventricular systolic dysfunction in high-risk patients undergoing non.emergent open abdominal surgery: A retrospective cohort study.

Background: The prognostic value of right ventricular systolic dysfunction in high-risk patients undergoing non-emergent open abdominal surgery is unknown. Here, we aim to evaluate whether presence of preexisting right ventricular systolic dysfunction in this surgical cohort is independently associated with higher incidence of postoperative major adverse cardiac events and all-cause in-hospital mortality. Methods: This is a single-centered retrospective study. Patients identified as American Society Anesthesiology Classification III and IV who had a preoperative echocardiogram within 1 year of undergoing non-emergent open abdominal surgery between January 2010 and May 2017 were included in the study. Incidence of postoperative major cardiac adverse events and all-cause in-hospital mortality were collected. Multivariable logistic regression was performed in a step-wise manner to identify independent association between preexisting right ventricular systolic dysfunction with outcomes of interest. Results: Preexisting right ventricular systolic dysfunction was not associated with postoperative major adverse cardiac events (P = 0.26). However, there was a strong association between preexisting right ventricular systolic dysfunction and all-cause in-hospital mortality (P = 0.00094). After multivariate analysis, preexisting right ventricular systolic dysfunction continued to be an independent risk factor for all-cause in-hospital mortality with an odds ratio of 18.9 (95' CI: 1.8-201.7; P = 0.015). Conclusion: In this retrospective study of high-risk patients undergoing non-emergent open abdominal surgery, preexisting right ventricular systolic dysfunction was found to have a strong association with all-cause in-hospital mortality.

Eight-hour medication-assisted treatment waiver training for opioid use disorder: integration into medical school curriculum.

Background: The opioid epidemic is a growing problem in the USA. Use of medication-assisted treatment (MAT) has been effective in treating patients with opioid use disorders (OUD) and maintaining sobriety; however, there is a significant shortage of physicians formally trained in MAT. Objective: Wayne State University School of Medicine integrated the 8-hour MAT waiver training into its Internal Medicine clerkship curriculum. The objectives of integrating this into the curriculum were to (1) introduce opioid use education during students' Internal Medicine clerkship and (2) assess whether the curriculum prepares students to feel more comfortable evaluating and treating patients with OUD. Design: MAT training specifically for medical students was provided free online by the Providers Clinical Support System (PCSS). All students on the Internal Medicine clerkship were required to complete the training. A 7-question pre-survey and post-survey assessed students' comfort in evaluating and treating OUD. Significant changes were assessed with a paired McNemar Bowker Test. Results: Medical students (n = 141) completed the pre-survey and post-survey. After the MAT training, students' perspective of their clinical knowledge about OUD, familiarity with MAT, and likelihood to utilize MAT for their patients significantly differed, with increased proportions of medical students in agreement across 6 of 7 pre-post survey items (p <.0001). Conclusions: Online MAT waiver training is a low-cost (free) way to introduce MAT education into the undergraduate clinical curriculum. Upon completing of the training, medical students self-reported improvements in their knowledge and attitudes about OUD and the different treatment options. Our hope is that MAT waiver training will allow for graduation of medical students who are ready to care for patients with OUD during residency and as practitioners upon completion of their residency.

Cardiac arrest during cornea transplant surgery.

This paper describes a case of cardiac arrest during femtosecond laser enabled penetrating keratoplasty (FLEK) in a young, healthy patient with no known cardiac risk factors and discusses the risk of cardiac arrest during intraocular surgery. A healthy 22-year-old man who underwent repeat FLEK under general anaesthesia developed bradycardia and subsequent cardiac arrest while open sky during surgery. After resuscitation and completion of the transplant surgery, the patient recovered and the graft has survived with excellent uncorrected visual acuity over 1 year after surgery. Understanding the risks of cardiac arrest and death during intraocular surgery is imperative to discussing the systemic risks of surgery during the preoperative informed consent.

Preexisting Right Ventricular Dysfunction Is Associated With Higher Postoperative Cardiac Complications and Longer Hospital Stay in High-Risk Patients Undergoing Nonemergent Major Vascular Surgery.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether the presence of preexisting right ventricular (RV) dysfunction in high-risk patients undergoing nonemergent major vascular surgery is associated independently with higher incidents of postoperative cardiac complications and a longer length of hospital stay. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: Single-center university hospital setting. PARTICIPANTS: The patient population consisted of those identified as American Society of Anesthesiologists classification III and above who had a preoperative echocardiogram within 1 year of undergoing nonemergent major vascular surgery between January 2010 and May 2017. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: After multivariate analyses, RV dysfunction (RVD) is associated independently with a higher incidence of postoperative major cardiac complications with an odds ratio = 6.3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-38.5; p = 0.046). In addition, patients with RVD had a 50% longer length of stay than those without RVD (incident rate ratio [95% CI], 1.5 [1.2-1.8]; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In this retrospective study of high-risk patients undergoing major vascular surgery, RV dysfunction was associated independently with a higher incidence of postoperative major cardiovascular events and longer length of hospital stays. Based on current findings, the prognostic value of RVD extends beyond the cardiac surgical cohort. Knowledge in management of patients with RVD in the perioperative setting should be understood by all anesthesiologists. Of note, a future study with a larger sample size is needed to validate the current findings given the small sample size of this study.

Computer simulated modeling of healthy and diseased right ventricular and pulmonary circulation.

We have previously developed a simulated cardiovascular physiology model for in-silico testing and validation of novel closed-loop controllers. To date, a detailed model of the right heart and pulmonary circulation was not needed, as previous controllers were not intended for use in patients with cardiac or pulmonary pathology. With new development of controllers for vasopressors, and looking forward, for combined vasopressor-fluid controllers, modeling of right-sided and pulmonary pathology is now relevant to further in-silico validation, so we aimed to expand our existing simulation platform to include these elements. Our hypothesis was that the completed platform could be tuned and stabilized such that the distributions of a randomized sample of simulated patients' baseline characteristics would be similar to reported population values. Our secondary outcomes were to further test the system in representing acute right heart failure and pulmonary artery hypertension. After development and tuning of the right-sided circulation, the model was validated against clinical data from multiple previously published articles. The model was considered 'tuned' when 100% of generated randomized patients converged to stability (steady, physiologically-plausible compartmental volumes, flows, and pressures) and 'valid' when the means for the model data in each health condition were contained within the standard deviations for the published data for the condition. A fully described right heart and pulmonary circulation model including non-linear pressure/volume relationships and pressure dependent flows was created over a 6-month span. The model was successfully tuned such that 100% of simulated patients converged into a steady state within 30 s. Simulation results in the healthy state for central venous volume (3350 ± 132 ml) pulmonary blood volume (405 ± 39 ml), pulmonary artery pressures (systolic 20.8 ± 4.1 mmHg and diastolic 9.4 ± 1.8 mmHg), left atrial pressure (4.6 ± 0.8 mmHg), PVR (1.0 ± 0.2 wood units), and CI (3.8 ± 0.5 l/min/m2) all met criteria for acceptance of the model, though the standard deviations of LAP and CI were somewhat narrower than published comparators. The simulation results for right ventricular infarction also fell within the published ranges: pulmonary blood volume (727 ± 102 ml), pulmonary arterial pressures (30 ± 4 mmHg systolic, 12 ± 2 mmHg diastolic), left atrial pressure (13 ± 2 mmHg), PVR (1.6 ± 0.3 wood units), and CI (2.0 ± 0.4 l/min/m2) all fell within one standard deviation of the reported population values and vice-versa. In the pulmonary hypertension model, pulmonary blood volume of 615 ± 90 ml, pulmonary arterial pressures of 80 ± 14 mmHg systolic, 36 ± 7 mmHg diastolic, and the left atrial pressure of 11 ± 2 mmHg all met criteria for acceptance. For CI, the simulated value of 2.8 ± 0.4 l/min/m2 once again had a narrower spread than most of the published data, but fell inside of the SD of all published data, and the PVR value of 7.5 ± 1.6 wood units fell in the middle of the four published studies. The right-ventricular and pulmonary circulation simulation appears to be a reasonable approximation of the right-sided circulation for healthy physiology as well as the pathologic conditions tested.

Acute to chronic postoperative pain in children: preliminary findings.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Chronic postoperative pain is a well-established clinical phenomenon that is associated with adverse outcomes. The incidence of this clinical phenomenon in children, however, is not well established. The purpose of this study was to identify the incidence of chronic pain in children after surgery. METHODS: Following a screening process, a total of 113 children and their parents were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Data regarding persistence and characteristics of pain after surgery were obtained. RESULTS: Approximately 13% of the children, most of whom underwent orthopedic procedures, reported the existence of symptoms of chronic postoperative pain. Most of the children indicated that the pain started immediately after surgery, was localized to the surgery site, and was intermittent. Children reported a median duration of pain of 4.1 months, and approximately half of the children experienced pain most days of the week. Up to 30% of the children reported interference of pain in functioning in areas such as extracurricular activities and sleep. DISCUSSION: Given the large number of children at risk for experiencing chronic postoperative pain, preventative efforts are necessary. Large-scale cohort prospective studies are needed to confirm the results of this cross-sectional study.

APOBEC3A is a potent inhibitor of adeno-associated virus and retrotransposons.

APOBEC3 proteins constitute a family of cytidine deaminases that provide intracellular resistance to retrovirus replication and transposition of endogenous retroelements. One family member, APOBEC3A (hA3A), is an orphan, without any known antiviral activity. We show that hA3A is catalytically active and that it, but none of the other family members, potently inhibits replication of the parvovirus adeno-associated virus (AAV). hA3A was also a potent inhibitor of the endogenous LTR retroelements, MusD, IAP, and the non-LTR retroelement, LINE-1. Its function was dependent on the conserved amino acids of the hA3A active site, consistent with a role for cytidine deamination, although mutations in retroelement sequences were not found. These findings demonstrate the potent activity of hA3A, an APOBEC3 family member with no previously identified function. They also highlight the functional differences between APOBEC3 proteins. The APOBEC3 family members have distinct functions and may have evolved to resist various classes of genetic elements.