Epidemiology of Behcet's Disease in Taiwan: A Population-Based Study.

PURPOSE: To study the incidence and epidemiology of Behcet's disease in Taiwan. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study was conducted using the nationwide reimbursement database in Taiwan. One million registered beneficiaries of the Taiwan National Health Insurance system in 2000 were randomly selected. All medical claims of these persons were collected. The definition of having Behcet's disease was based on diagnostic codes. Persons who had incomplete registry data or diagnoses prior to 2001 were excluded. Annual incidence between 2001 and 2011 was calculated and risk factors for incidence were explored using the Cox proportional regression model. Characteristics of patients with Behcet's disease with and without uveitis were compared. RESULTS: A total of 236 newly diagnosed patients with Behcet's disease were found between 2001 and 2011. The average incidence was 2.40 cases per 100,000 person-years (ranging from 1.29 to 3.53). Female patients and those aged between 40 and 65 years were at the highest risk of Behcet's disease. Only 18.2% of the patients had also suffered from uveitis. The subspecialties of doctors making initial diagnoses and the number of prescribed immunomodulatory agents differed significantly between the patients with and without uveitis (p < 0.001 and <0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION: Incidence of Behcet's disease was not high in Taiwan and relatively few of the patients developed uveitis. Patients of working age or who were female were more likely to have Behcet's disease. However, age of onset and clinical severity differed between patients with and without uveitis.

Risks of female genital tract related cancers (gynecological cancers) or breast cancer in women with and without chronic kidney disease: A population-based cohort study in Taiwan.

This article aims to test the hypothesis that the risk of female genital tract related cancer (gynecological cancer: GC) or breast cancer (BC) of women with chronic kidney disease (CKD) might be different from that of those women without CKD.A nationwide 17-year historic cohort study using the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan and the Registry for Catastrophic Illness Patients was conducted. A total of 3045 women with a diagnosis of CKD from 1996 to 2013 and 3045 multivariable-matched controls (1:1) were selected. We used Cox regression, and computed hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) to determine the risk of GC or BC in women.The GC incidence rates (IRs, per 10,000 person-years) of the CKD and non-CKD women were 11.02 and 19.09, respectively, contributing to a significantly decreased risk of GCs (crude HR 0.57, 95% CI 0.39-0.81; adjusted HR 0.44, 95% CI 0.30-0.65) in the CKD women. The GC IR was relatively constant in the CKD women among the different age categories (IR ranged from 8.10 to 12.29). On contrast, the non-CKD women had a progressive and continuous increase of GC IR in the advanced age, which was more apparent at age ≥50 years (IR 17.16 for 50-59; IR 23.05 for 60-69; and IR 31.62 for ≥70, respectively), contributing to the lower risk of GC in the CKD women than that in the non-CKD women. There was no difference of BC incidence between women with and without CKD.The findings of the lower risk of GCs in the CKD women in Taiwan are worthy of further evaluation.

Comorbidity profiles of psoriasis in Taiwan: A latent class analysis.

BACKGROUND: Psoriasis is associated with many comorbidities. An understanding of these comorbidity patterns can help foster better care of patients with psoriasis. OBJECTIVE: To identify the heterogeneity of psoriasis comorbidities using latent class analysis (LCA). METHODS: LCA was used to empirically identify psoriasis comorbidity patterns in a nationwide sample of 110,729 incident cases of psoriasis (2002-2012) from the National Health Insurance database in Taiwan. RESULTS: The mean age of incident psoriasis was 46.1 years. Hypertension (28.8%), dyslipidemia (18.9%), and chronic liver disease/cirrhosis/hepatitis (18.1%) were the top three comorbidities in patients with psoriasis. LCA identified four distinct comorbidity classes among these patients, including 9.9% of patients in the "multi-comorbidity" class, 17.9% in the "metabolic syndrome" class, 11.3% in the "hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)" class, and 60.9% in the "relatively healthy" class. Psoriatic arthritis was evenly distributed among each class. Relative to membership in the "relative healthy" class, an increase of one year of age had a higher probability of membership in the "multi-comorbidity" (odds ratio [OR], 1.25), "metabolic syndrome" (OR, 1.11), or "hypertension and COPD" (OR, 1.34) classes. Relative to membership in the "relative healthy" class, compared to women, men had a higher probability of membership in the "multi-comorbidity" (OR, 1.39), "metabolic syndrome" (OR, 1.77), or "hypertension and COPD" (OR, 1.22) classes. CONCLUSION: We observed four distinct classes of psoriasis comorbidities, including the "multi-comorbidity", "metabolic syndrome", "hypertension and COPD", and "relatively healthy" classes, as well as the clustering of liver diseases with metabolic syndrome and clustering of COPD with hypertension.

The Risk of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer of Women With Endometriosis May be Varied Greatly if Diagnostic Criteria Are Different: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study.

This article aims to test the hypothesis that the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) in women with endometriosis might be changed by enrolling different population. A nationwide 14-year historic cohort study using the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan and the Registry for Catastrophic Illness Patients was conducted. A total of 239,385 women aged between 20 and 51 years, with at least 1 gynecologic visit after 2000, were analyzed. Cases included women with a diagnosed endometriosis, which was established along a spectrum from at least 1 medical record of endometriosis (recalled endometriosis) to tissue-proved ovarian endometriosis (n = X). Controls included women without any diagnosis of endometriosis (n = 239,385 - X). We used Cox regression, and computed hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) to determine the risk of EOC in patients. The EOC incidence rates (IRs, per 10,000 person-years) of women with endometriosis ranged from 1.90 in women with recalled endometriosis to 18.70 in women with tissue-proved ovarian endometrioma, compared with those women without any diagnosis of endometriosis (0.77-0.89), contributing to crude HRs ranging from 2.59 (95% CI, 2.09-3.21; P < 0.001) to 24.04 (95% CI, 17.48-33.05; P < 0.001). After adjustment for pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, Charlson co-morbidity index, and age, adjusted HRs were ranged from the lowest of 1.90 (95% CI, 1.51-2.37; P < 0.001) in recalled endometriosis to the highest of 18.57 (95% CI, 13.37-25.79; P < 0.001) in tissue-proved ovarian endometrioma, which was inversely related to the prevalence rate of endometriosis (from the highest of 30.80% in recalled endometriosis to the lowest of 1.54% in tissue-proved ovarian endometrioma). The risk of EOC in women with endometriosis varied greatly by different criteria used. Women with endometriosis might have a more apparently higher risk than those reported by systematic review and meta-analysis.

Endometriosis and the subsequent risk of epithelial ovarian cancer.

OBJECTIVE: There is a possible correlation between endometriosis and an increased risk of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), but many uncertainties remain, including race, exposure or surveillance time, and surgical confirmation. Therefore, we carried out a large-scale, nationwide, controlled cohort study in the Taiwanese women to respond to these uncertainties. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A historical cohort study was performed by linking the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan. Each patient diagnosed with endometriosis (n = 7537) between 2000 and 2009 was background matched with up to two women without endometriosis (n = 15,074). The total was 136,643 person-years of follow-up and 24 women having new EOC. Cox regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between the EOC incidence rate and an endometriosis status. RESULTS: The EOC incidence rate of the endometriosis and non-endometriosis women was 3.31 per 10,000 person-years and 0.99 per 10,000 person-years, respectively, contributing to an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 3.28 (95% confidence interval, 1.37-7.85). The women with surgical confirmation had a much higher adjusted HR (3.87; 95% confidence interval, 1.58-9.47). No significantly statistical difference of surveillance time between women with and without endometriosis (3.87 years vs. 3.73 years). The occurrence of EOC was not also affected by exposure time of women with endometriosis. CONCLUSION: Taiwanese women with endometriosis really had a risk of newly developed EOC, especially those who had a surgical diagnosis, and this three-fold increase of risk was neither influenced by exposure time nor biased by surveillance.

Do nurses have worse pregnancy outcomes than non-nurses?

BACKGROUND: Nurses encounter multiple occupational exposures at work which may harm their reproductive health. The purpose of the study was to compare pregnancy complications and outcomes including cesarean deliveries, tocolysis, miscarriage, and preterm labor between female nurses and comparable women who were not nurses in Taiwan. METHODS: This nationwide population-based study was performed using the National Health Insurance Research Database from 1997 to 2008. We identified 3,656 pregnancies among 2,326 nurses and 111,889 pregnancies among 74,919 non-nurses. A generalized estimating equation was used to compare risks between the two groups. RESULTS: The rates of tocolysis (28.6 vs 22.3%), miscarriage (6.0 vs 5.3%), and preterm labor (8.1 vs 4.4%) were significantly higher among nurses than non-nurses. After adjustment for background differences, nurses had significantly higher risks for cesarean section (adjusted OR 1.12 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-1.22]), tocolysis (OR 1.18 [95% CI 1.09-1.29]), and preterm labor (OR 1.46 [95% CI 1.28-1.67]) than non-nurses. CONCLUSIONS: Nurses are at higher risk for cesarean section, tocolysis, and preterm labor than non-nurses. Occupational exposure related to these adverse pregnancy outcomes should be examined. Strategies to decrease the risks should be developed to improve reproductive health among nurses.

Determinants of long-term care services among the elderly: a population-based study in Taiwan.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to investigate determinants of long-term care use and to clarify the differing characteristics of home/community-based and institution-based services users. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, population-based study. SETTING: Utilizing data from the 2005 National Health Interview Survey conducted in Taiwan. PARTICIPANTS: A national sample of 2,608 people (1,312 men, 1,296 women) aged 65 and older. MEASUREMENTS: The utilization of long-term care services (both home/community- and institution-based services) was measured. A χ(2) analysis tested differences in baseline characteristics between home/community-based and institution-based long-term care users. The multiple-logistic model was adopted with a hierarchical approach adding the Andersen model's predisposing, enabling, and need factors sequentially. Multiple logistic models further stratified data by gender and age. RESULTS: Compared with users of home/community-based care, those using institution-based care had less education (p = 0.019), greater likelihood of being single (p = 0.001), fewer family members (p = 0.002), higher prevalence of stool incontinence (p = 0.011) and dementia (P = .025), and greater disability (p = 0.016). After adjustment, age (compared with 65-69 years; 75-79 years, odds ratio [OR] = 2.08, p = 0.044; age ≥80, OR = 3.30, p = 0.002), being single (OR = 2.16, p = 0.006), urban living (OR = 1.68, p = 0.037), stroke (OR = 2.08, p = 0.015), dementia (OR = 2.32, p = 0.007), 1-3 items of activities of daily living (ADL) disability (OR = 5.56, p<0.001), and 4-6 items of ADL disability (OR = 21.57, p<0.001) were significantly associated with long-term care use. CONCLUSION: Age, single marital status, stroke, dementia, and ADL disability are predictive factors for long-term care use. The utilization was directly proportional to the level of disability.

Investigating the utilization of radiological services by physician patients: a population-based cohort study in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: Advances in radiology technology have contributed to a substantial increase in utilization of radiology services. Physicians, who are well educated in medical matters, would be expected to be knowledgeable about prudent or injudicious use of radiological services. The aim of this study was to evaluate differences in the utilization of radiology modalities among physician and non-physician patients. METHODS: This nationwide population-based cohort study was carried out using data obtained from the Taiwan National Insurance Database from 1997 to 2008. Physicians and comparison controls selected by propensity score matching were enrolled in the current study. The claims data of ambulatory care and inpatient discharge records were used to measure the utilization of various radiology modalities. Utilization rates of each modality were compared between physicians and non-physicians, and odds ratios of the utilization of each radiology modality were measured. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine the predictors of X-ray, MRI, and interventional procedures utilization during the study period. RESULTS: The utilization of most radiologic services increased among physicians and the comparison group during the observation period. Compared to non-physicians, physicians had significantly higher utilization rates of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) but lower utilization rates of X-rays, sonography, and interventional procedures. After adjusting for age, gender, major diseases, urbanicity, and residential regions, logistic regression analysis showed that, compared to non-physicians, the physicians used significantly more MRI (odds ratio [OR]: 2.19, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.68-2.84, P < 0.001) and significantly less X-rays and interventional procedures (OR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.72-0.99, P = 0.04 for X-rays and OR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.54-0.83, P < 0.001 for interventional procedures). Being a physician was a significant predictor of greater usage of MRI and of less usage of X-ray and interventional procedures. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed different utilization patterns of X-rays, MRI, and interventional procedures between physician and non-physician patients, even after controlling for such factors as socioeconomic status and major diseases.

The association between functional disability and acute care utilization among the elderly in Taiwan.

Disability is associated with increased long-term care use among the elderly, but its association with utilization of acute care is not well understood. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between functional disability and acute medical care utilization among the elderly. This nationwide, population-based cohort study was based on data from the 2005 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), linking to the 2004-2007 National Health Insurance (NHI) claims data. A total of 1521 elderly subjects aged 65 years or above were observed from the year 2004 to 2006; this sample was considered to be a national representative sample. The utilization of acute medical care (including outpatient services, emergency services, and inpatient services) and medical expenditure were measured. Functional disability was measured by determining limitations on activities of daily living (ADLs), instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), and mobility. After adjusting for age, comorbidity, and sociodemographic characteristics, functional disability that affected IADLs or mobility was a significant factor contributing to the increased use of care. A clear proportional relationship existed between disability and utilization, and this pattern persisted across different types of acute care services. Disability affecting IADLs or mobility, rather than ADLs, was a more sensitive predictor of acute medical care utilization. Compared to elderly persons with no limitations, the medical expenditure of those with moderate-to-severe limitations was 2-3 times higher for outpatient, emergency, and inpatient services. In conclusion, functional disability among the elderly is a significant factor contributing to the increased use of acute care services.

Epidemiology of uveitis among the Chinese population in Taiwan: a population-based study.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the incidence and prevalence of uveitis in Taiwan, and then analyzed the risk factors related to uveitis using multivariate regression. DESIGN: Population-based cohort study using medical claims data. PARTICIPANTS: We randomly selected 1 000 000 residents from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. All participants with correct registry data (96%) were included in the study. The study period was from 2000 to 2008. METHODS: All types of uveitis were identified using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, Clinical Modification diagnostic codes. The annual incidence and cumulative prevalence of uveitis were calculated. A univariate and a multivariate Poisson regression were used to determine the risk factors associated with uveitis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The first diagnosis of uveitis noted during the study period. RESULTS: The annual cumulative incidence rate of uveitis ranged from 102.2 to 122.0 cases per 100 000 persons over the study period, and the average incidence density was 111.3 cases per 100 000 person-years (95% confidence interval, 108.4-114.1). The cumulative prevalence was found to have increased from 318.8 cases per 100 000 persons in 2003 to 622.7 cases per 100 000 persons in 2008. Anterior uveitis was the most common location and accounted for 77.7% of all incident cases, which was followed by panuveitis, posterior uveitis, and intermediate uveitis. Multivariate regression analysis showed that males, the elderly, and individuals who lived in an urban area had higher incidence rates for uveitis. CONCLUSIONS: The epidemiology of uveitis in Taiwan differs from most previous studies in other countries. The incidence of uveitis in Taiwan has increased significantly recently. The elderly and individuals living in urban areas are the populations that are most commonly affected by uveitis. These findings are consistent with suggestions found in several recent studies.

The role of secondary cytoreductive surgery in patients with recurrent epithelial ovarian, tubal, and peritoneal cancers: a comparative effectiveness analysis.

Background. All published reports concerning secondary cytoreductive surgery for relapsed ovarian cancer have essentially been observational studies. However, the validity of observational studies is usually threatened from confounding by indication. We sought to address this issue by using comparative effectiveness methods to adjust for confounding. Methods. Using a prospectively collected administrative health care database in a single institution, we identified 1,124 patients diagnosed with recurrent epithelial, tubal, and peritoneal cancers between 1990 and 2009. Effectiveness of secondary cytoreductive surgery using the conventional Cox proportional hazard model, propensity score, and instrumental variable were compared. Sensitivity analyses for residual confounding were explored using an array approach. Results. Secondary cytoreductive surgery prolonged overall survival with a hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of 0.76 (range 0.66-0.87), using the Cox proportional hazard model. Propensity score methods produced comparable results: 0.75 (range 0.64-0.86) by nearest matching, 0.73 (0.65-0.82) by quintile stratification, 0.71 (0.65-0.77) by weighting, and 0.72 (0.63-0.83) by covariate adjustment. The instrumental variable method also produced a comparable estimate: 0.75 (range 0.65-0.86). Sensitivity analyses revealed that the true treatment effects may approach the null hypothesis if the association between unmeasured confounders and disease outcome is high. Conclusions. This comparative effectiveness study provides supportive evidence for previous reports that secondary cytoreductive surgery may increase overall survival for patients with recurrent epithelial, tubal, and peritoneal cancers.

Pulmonary tuberculosis increases the risk of lung cancer: a population-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The possible effect of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) on subsequent lung cancer development has been suspected, but the evidence remains inconsistent. The purpose of this study was to perform a nationwide population-based cohort study to investigate the risk of lung cancer after pulmonary TB infection. METHODS: This nationwide population-based cohort study was based on data obtained from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database. In total, 5657 TB patients and 23,984 controls matched for age and sex were recruited for the study from 1997 to 2008. RESULTS: The incidence rate of lung cancer (269 of 100,000 person-years) was significantly higher in the pulmonary TB patients than that in controls (153 of 100,000 person-years) (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33-2.32; P < .001). Compared with the controls, the IRRs of lung cancer in the TB cohort were 1.98 at 2 to 4 years, 1.42 at 5 to 7 years, and 1.59 at 8 to 12 years after TB infections. The multivariate Cox proportional hazards model revealed pulmonary TB infections (hazard ratio [HR], 1.64; 95% CI, 1.24-2.15; P < .001) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.03-1.14; P = .002) to be independent risk factors for lung cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary infection with TB is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer.

Do the health-care workers gain protection against herpes zoster infection? A 6-year population-based study in Taiwan.

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes varicella, and may reactivate to cause herpes zoster later in the life of the host. It has been previously observed that exposure to VZV may boost the host's latent immunity. Health-care workers who are frequently exposed to ill patients ought to receive a protective effect. We investigated the incidence of herpes zoster among health-care workers and the general population in Taiwan to see whether such a protective effect exists among health-care workers against herpes zoster. This nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study was based on data obtained from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database. In total, 7744 health-care workers, including 168 dermatologists and pediatricians, and 695 188 general adults were recruited for the study. Health-care workers in the age groups 20-29, 30-39 and 40-49 years were found to have a significant higher herpes zoster incidence compared to the general adults (P < 0.001, 0.011 and <0.001, respectively). Both logistic regression and Cox regression showed that dermatologists, pediatricians, and other medical professionals have a higher herpes zoster incidence than the general population (odds ratio [OR] = 1.36, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 0.63-2.90, hazards ratio [HR] = 1.35, 95% CI = 0.64-2.82 in dermatologist and pediatrician groups, and OR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.23-1.58, HR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.22-1.56 in other medical professionals). The incidence of herpes zoster is higher among health-care workers and it can be clearly concluded that no protective effect against herpes zoster exists for health-care workers in Taiwan.