ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: TB has seen resurgence associated with HIV. Tuberculosis can affect any ocular tissue. The association of HIV with TB is supposed to increase the incidence and plethora of ocular manifestations in tuberculosis. OBJECTIVES: To study the various ocular manifestations seen in tuberculosis patients with associated HIV infection. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This hospital based, cross sectional descriptive study was conducted in Tribhuvan University, Teaching Hospital, Maharajgunj, Nepal and Geta Eye Hospital, Kailali from 2010 to 2015. Diagnosed cases of pulmonary and extra pulmonary tuberculosis with HIV co infection were evaluated for ocular manifestations after excluding other opportunistic infections. RESULTS: Of 70 cases eligible for the study, extra pulmonary tuberculosis was seen in60% of the cases. 5 patients (7.1 %) had ocular manifestations. CD4 counts were <50/mm3 in 3 cases. Ocular involvement was seen in the form of choroidal granulomas, papillitis, cranial nerve palsy, retinal vasculitis and central serous chorioretinopathy. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that ocular involvement is a frequent finding in cases with tuberculosis and HIV. Ocular findings are more common in cases with lesser CD4 counts. As ocular tuberculosis can be visually devastating, we recommend regular ocular evaluation of all patients with HIV and systemic tuberculosis.
Subject(s)
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis , Eye Infections, Bacterial/diagnosis , Eye Infections, Viral/diagnosis , HIV Infections/diagnosis , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosis , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , Central Serous Chorioretinopathy/diagnosis , Central Serous Chorioretinopathy/epidemiology , Child , Choroid Diseases/diagnosis , Choroid Diseases/epidemiology , Cranial Nerve Diseases/diagnosis , Cranial Nerve Diseases/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Eye Infections, Bacterial/epidemiology , Eye Infections, Viral/epidemiology , Female , Granuloma/diagnosis , Granuloma/epidemiology , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Humans , Immunocompromised Host , Male , Middle Aged , Nepal/epidemiology , Optic Neuritis/diagnosis , Optic Neuritis/epidemiology , Retinal Vasculitis/diagnosis , Retinal Vasculitis/epidemiology , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/epidemiology , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Hypothyroidism is common in pregnancy. No study has determined the prevalence of hypothyroidism in term pregnancies in India. AIM: This study aims to determine the prevalence and correlates of hypothyroidism in women who delivered at a center in Karnal, Haryana, North India. RESULTS: Indoor records of all women who had delivered at this centre from April 2016 to March 2017 were reviewed. The prevalence of hypothyroidism was 12.3%, of which 15.5% were diagnosed during pregnancy. The dose requirement of L-thyroxine ranged from 25 to 200 µg (mean 76.38 +- 43.02). With this, 80% were able to achieve trimester-specific thyroid-stimulating hormone targets. Hypothyroidism did not correlate with any medical or obstetric complications. CONCLUSION: Hypothyroidism is common in term pregnancies. If treated adequately, healthy fetomaternal outcomes can be achieved.
ABSTRACT
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is common in pregnancy. Epidemiological studies have described the prevalence of GDM in the antenatal period, but do not assess the number of women who require pharmacological therapy at term. This information is important for obstetric care providers and health planners. We reviewed indoor charts of all women admitted for delivery at a maternity center in Karnal, Haryana, India. Of the 569 participants, 0.87% had preexisting diabetes, while 1.93% were being treated with drugs for GDM (0.70% insulin, 1.23% metformin). The overall prevalence of diabetes needing drug therapy at time of delivery in pregnant women was 2.81%.
