Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Capacity of Mallotus repandus Ethyl Acetate Stem Extract against d-Galactosamine-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats.

Mallotus repandus (M. repandus) is traditionally used to treat muscle pain, itching, fever, rheumatic arthritis, and a variety of liver disorders. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity and the antioxidant potential of the ethyl acetate stem extract of M. repandus (ESMR) against d-galactosamine (d-GalN)-induced hepatopathy, along with a possible mechanism of action in rats. In vivo hepatoprotective activity of ESMR was examined using d-galactosamine (d-GalN)-induced hepatotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats. For this purpose, levels of serum diagnostic markers, activity of hepatic antioxidant enzymes, and liver histo-architecture were employed to assess the protective efficacy of ESMR. Furthermore, the total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents were quantitated, and the antioxidant capacity of the extract was evaluated using different methods such as 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (OH•) scavenging assays. Intraperitoneal d-GalN injection triggered hepatotoxicity, as shown by the noticeable increase in the serum hepatic marker enzymes, bilirubin content, γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), and malondialdehyde (MDA), whereas glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase levels were significantly lower compared with that of the control. Pretreatment with ESMR reduced the hepatic enzyme levels along with bilirubin, GGT, and MDA compared to the d-GalN-intoxicated group. These results were supported by histopathological studies, where d-galactosamine caused coagulative necrosis, hemorrhage, and inflammation. However, pretreatment with ESMR ameliorated the histo-architectural changes and brought them back to normal. Results also revealed that the total polyphenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content, and total antioxidant capacity of ESMR were 136.30 ± 0.78 mg GAE/g mg, 38.72 ± 0.85 mg QE/g, 75.88 ± 0.54 mg TAE/g, and 123.16 ± 0.24 mg AAE/g, respectively. In addition, ESMR inhibited free radicals with IC50 values of 94.47 ± 0.51, 127.33 ± 0.36, 164.12 ± 0.45, and 254.14 ± 0.35 µg/mL in DPPH, NO, H2O2, and OH• free radical scavenging assays, respectively. These findings highlight the protective role of ESMR against hepatic injury induced by d-GalN, which may be attributed to its higher antioxidant properties, thereby scientifically justifying its traditional use.

Studies of lipid profile, liver function and kidney function parameters of rat plasma after chronic administration of "Sulavajrini Vatika".

The successful use of Ayurvedic medicines is for many years but there is no guideline for studying the toxicity of these preparations through preclinical or clinical investigations. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of conventionally prepared Sulavajrini Vatika (SBB), an Ayurvedic formulation on various biochemical parameters of experimental animals after chronic administration. The animal used was albino rats (Rattus norvegicus: Sprague-Dawley strain) and SBB was administered orally at a single dose of 100 mg kg(-1) b.wt. day(-1), up to 62 days. During the study, forty rats, equally of both sexes, were randomly grouped into four where one male and one female group were used as control and other groups were used as test. Among the lipid components, Triglyceride (TG) was decreased very high significantly in both sexes of animal. The decrease of Total Cholesterol (TC), Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were also highly significant. Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) decreased in all SBB treated group. In the liver function parameters, the total protein and albumin content were increased very high significantly in both sexes of rat. But the bilirubin was decreased insignificantly in male and female rats. Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (GPT), Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (GOT) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) were decreased in all treated animals and it was very high significant. In case of kidney function parameters, creatinine was increased very high significantly but the urea was decreased very high significantly in both sexes of rat. The decrease in uric acid was not significant in none of the sexes of rat. The present study confirms that SBB can be contributory for the complications in diabetics with hyperlipidemia and nephropathy as it lowers most of the lipids components and improves liver function and kidney function parameters.

Toxicological studies of "Chondrokola Rosh", an Ayurvedic preparation on liver function tests of rats.

Chondrokola Rosh (CKR) is a traditional metallic Ayurvedic preparation widely used by the rural and ethnic people of Bangladesh in dysuria. It is a preparation of various roasted metals (Hg and Cu), non-metal (sulphur and Mica) and medicinal herbs. Considering the controversy over the risk of toxic heavy metals in Ayurvedic herbo-mineral preparations, toxicological parameters on liver functions were investigated. A single dose of 100mg/kg body weight of the preparation was administered orally to the rats of both sexes for ninety days. In this evaluation a statistically significant (p<0.001) increase of serum albumin levels in male (17%) and female (15%) rat groups were observed. On the other hand, the plasma bilirubin level was decreased 50% and 28% respectively in both rats groups. But no remarkable differences were observed in plasma protein, sGPT, sGOT and ALP activities from their corresponding control values. This study showed that CKR had no remarkable toxic effect on liver of the animals despite the presence of traces of transformed heavy metals.

Pharmacological and toxicological studies of an ayurvedic formulation ("Lauhasava") on the biological system of rats and mice.

In this study, the pharmacological and toxicological effects along with possible side effects of the classical ayurvedic formulation "Lauhasava" (LSV), which is used in anemia, were evaluated. During this study, various experiments on body growth rate, organ-body weight ratio, tissue hydration indices and body fat ratio were performed to evaluate its efficacy and toxicity. In the body weight study, the LSV treated rats, irrespective of sexes, showed significantly lower body weights than the control group rats. LSV treated mice of both sexes gained less weight than their control counterparts. The study involving comparison of the relative weights of the major organs of rats and mice revealed some significant results. The percentage of lung to the body weight is significantly increased in both sexes of rats. Liver weight in LSV treated rats of both sexes were observed to be increased. The percentage of kidney weight was increased in both sexes of rats, the result being significant in the case of female rats. The thymus weight was found significantly decreased in both sexes of rats. Significant increase in the weight of rats' ovaries was observed. In the tissue hydration index experiment, only the increase in the female kidney was significant. No significant result was found in the fat content of the whole mice and eviscerated mice.

Studies of various biochemical parameters of rat plasma following chronic administration of "Rohitakarista"-an Ayurvedic formulation.

The study was carried out to investigate the safety profile as well as the effect of "Rohitakarista" (RHT) on various biochemical parameters of rats' plasma after chronic administration. RHT, a classical Ayurvedic preparation used in hepatosplenic disorders, was administered per oral route at a dose of 100 mg kg(-1) body weight, once daily, up to 46 days for all the experiments. Forty albino rats (Rattus novergicus: Sprague-Dawley strains), equally of both sexes, were randomly grouped into four where each group had ten animal/sex. One male and one female group were used as control and other groups were used as test. In the male, rats there was a statistically insignificant increase (p = 0.763) in the total protein but there was a statistically significant increase (p = 0.022) in the total protein content of the plasma of female rats. Statistically very high significant increase (male: p = 0.001 and female: p = 0.001) in the albumin content of the plasma was noted in both sexes. In case of bilirubin, interestingly it was decreased very high significantly (p = 0.001) in plasma of male rats but increased very high significantly (p = 0.001) in the plasma of female rats. In the male rats, statistically there was a very high significant decrease (sGPT: p = 0.001, sGOT: p = 0.001 and ALP: p = 0.001) in the sGPT, sGOT and ALP activities in the plasma. On the other hand, statistically there was a very highly significant increase (sGPT: p = 0.001, sGOT: p = 0.001 and ALP: p = 0.001) in the sGPT, sGOT and ALP activities in the plasma of female rats. Very high significant decrease (male: p = 0.001 and female: p = 0.001) in creatinine in plasma of both sexes were observed after chronic administration of RHT. Urea in the plasma was decreased very high significantly (p = 0.001) in plasma of male rats but increased very high significantly (p = 0.001) in the plasma of female rats. There was high significant increase (p = 0.002) in uric acid in male rats. On the contrary, no significant increase (p = 0.324) of uric acid was observed in female rats.

Antidiarrhoeal activity of the ethanol extract of Paederia foetida Linn. (Rubiaceae).

Paederia foetida L. is used as a remedy for diarrhoea and dysentery in Asia, but has not been investigated for its antidiarrhoeal properties. Antidiarrhoeal activity of 90% ethanol extract of Paederia foetida was investigated in this study using castor oil and magnesium sulphate-induced diarrhoea models in mice. The extract significantly increased the latent period of diarrhoea in both the models. In the castor oil study, the purging index (PI) value lowered in 1 h of the study at (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg) doses. The effect continued up to 6-h period only at 500 mg/kg dose. The plant notably reduced the purging index value in a dose-dependent manner in magnesium sulphate-induced diarrhoea. Paederia foetida, in general, reduced the gastrointestinal motility with barium sulphate milk both in 15- and 30-min time intervals. The extract significantly decreased the cisplatin-induced gastrointestinal motility at all doses at both time intervals. The extract also enhanced the morphine-induced reduction of motility at 500 mg/kg dose level at both time intervals. The results suggest that Paederia foetida showed antidiarrhoeal activity by inhibiting intestinal motility and justify its use in traditional medicine.

Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of Lippia nodiflora Linn.

The methanolic extract of leaves of Lippia nodiflora Linn. was tested for its anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities. The extract showed a significant (P < 0.001) anti-inflammatory activity comparable to phenylbutazone against carrageenin-induced paw edema in rats and a significant (P < 0.001) antinociceptive activity comparable to diclofenac sodium in acetic acid induced writhing in white albino mice.