ABSTRACT
Ligands which selectively activate only one of the estrogen receptors, ERα or ERß, are current pharmaceutical targets. Previously, we have reported on substituted cis A-CD ligands in which the B-ring of the steroidal structure has been removed and cis refers the stereochemistry of the CD ring junction as compared to trans in estradiol. These compounds often showed good potency and selectivity for ERß. Here we report the synthesis and binding affinities for a similar series of trans A-CD ligands, and compare them to the cis-series. Counterintuitively, trans A-CD ligands, which are structurally more closely related to the natural ligand estradiol, show weaker binding and less ß-selectivity than their cis-counterparts.
Subject(s)
Estrogen Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology , Estrogen Receptor alpha/antagonists & inhibitors , Estrogen Receptor beta/antagonists & inhibitors , Crystallography, X-Ray , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Estrogen Receptor Antagonists/chemical synthesis , Estrogen Receptor Antagonists/chemistry , Humans , Ligands , Models, Molecular , Molecular Conformation , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
The widespread use of Neurolaena lobata (L.) R. Br. ex Cass. by Q'eqchi' Maya and indigenous healers throughout the Caribbean for inflammatory conditions prompted the study of the anti-inflammatory activity of this traditional medicine. The objectives of this study were to conduct a detailed ethnobotanical investigation of the uses of N. lobata by the Q'eqchi' Maya of Belize for a variety of inflammatory symptoms and to evaluate the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of leaf extract and isolated sesquiterpene lactones. The crude 80% EtOH extract of N. lobata leaves administered at 100 µg/mL reduced LPS-stimulated TNF-α production in THP-1 monocytes by 72% relative to the stimulated vehicle control. Isolated sesquiterpene lactones, neurolenins B, C+D, lobatin B and 9α-hydroxy-8ß-isovalerianyloxy-calyculatolide were more active (IC50=0.17-2.32 µM) than the positive control parthenolide (IC50=4.79 µM). The results provide a pharmacological and phytochemical basis for the traditional use of this leaf for inflammatory conditions.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology , Asteraceae/chemistry , Medicine, Traditional , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Sesquiterpenes/pharmacology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/chemistry , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/isolation & purification , Cell Survival/drug effects , Cells, Cultured , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Humans , Lipopolysaccharides/antagonists & inhibitors , Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology , Molecular Structure , Monocytes/cytology , Monocytes/drug effects , Monocytes/metabolism , Sesquiterpenes/chemistry , Sesquiterpenes/isolation & purification , Structure-Activity Relationship , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesisABSTRACT
The synthesis of four new isomers of estradiol in which the ring A to ring C planes are perpendicular to each other as a result of a spiro BC ring junction is described. Heterocyclic analogs and carbocyclic homologs of these compounds are also reported. Estrogen receptor binding studies show that the spiro compounds with the natural stereochemistry at C9 bind almost as strongly as estradiol but with greater ß to α selectivity. These studies show that the estrogen receptors can readily accommodate isomers of estrogen with substantially different fixed shapes than the native ligand.
Subject(s)
Estradiol/analogs & derivatives , Receptors, Estrogen/chemistry , Spiro Compounds/chemistry , Estradiol/chemical synthesis , Heterocyclic Compounds/chemistry , Isomerism , Protein Binding , Receptors, Estrogen/metabolismABSTRACT
Long-term use of estrogen supplements by women leads to an increased risk of breast and uterine cancers. Possible mechanisms include metabolism of estradiol and compounds related to tumor-initiating quinones, and ligand-induced activation of the estrogen receptors ERα and ERß which can cause cancer cell proliferation, depending on the ratio of receptors present. One therapeutic goal would be to create a spectrum of compounds of variable potency for ERα and ERß, which are resistant to quinone formation, and to determine an optimum point in this spectrum. We describe the synthesis, modeling, binding affinities, hormone potency, and a measure of quinone formation for a new family of A-CD estrogens, where the A-C bond is formed by ring coupling. Some substituents on the A-ring increase hormone potency, and one compound is much less quinone-forming than estradiol. These compounds span a wide range of receptor subtype selectivities and may be useful in hormone replacement therapy.
Subject(s)
Estradiol Congeners/chemical synthesis , Estradiol/chemistry , Estrogen Receptor alpha/agonists , Estrogen Receptor beta/agonists , Animals , Binding, Competitive , Cell Line , Estradiol Congeners/chemistry , Estradiol Congeners/pharmacology , Fluorine/chemistry , Hepatocytes/cytology , Hepatocytes/drug effects , Humans , Ligands , Male , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Quinones/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Response Elements , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity Relationship , Thermodynamics , Transcriptional Activation/drug effectsABSTRACT
Estradiol and related estrogens have been widely used as supplements to relieve menopausal symptoms, but they lead to an increased risk of breast and endometrial cancer. Here we report the synthesis of a new family of compounds where we have removed the B-ring from the steroid ABCD structure, and functionalized the A-ring. These A-CD compounds show a preferential affinity for the estrogen receptor subtype ERbeta. Some show binding affinities which are greater than estradiol. The presence of electron-withdrawing substituents on the A-ring should reduce the tendency of these compounds to form carcinogenic metabolites, so they might lead to a safer approach to hormone replacement therapy.
