Bioprinting on sheet-based scaffolds applied to the creation of implantable tissue-engineered constructs with potentially diverse clinical applications: Tissue-Engineered Muscle Repair (TEMR) as a representative testbed.

Purpose: This report explores the overlooked potential of bioprinting to automate biomanufacturing of simple tissue structures, such as the uniform deposition of (mono)layers of progenitor cells on sheetlike decellularized extracellular matrices (dECM). In this scenario, dECM serves as a biodegradable celldelivery matrix to provide enhanced regenerative microenvironments for tissue repair. The Tissue-Engineered Muscle Repair (TEMR) technology-where muscle progenitor cells are seeded onto a porcine bladder acellular matrix (BAM), serves as a representative testbed for bioprinting applications. Previous work demonstrated that TEMR implantation improved functional outcomes following VML injury in biologically relevant rodent models.Materials and Methods: In the described bioprinting system, a cell-laden hydrogel bioink is used to deposit high cell densities (1.4 × 105-3.5 × 105 cells/cm2), onto both sides of the bladder acellular matrix as proof-of-concept.Results: These bioprinting methods achieve a reproducible and homogeneous distribution of cells, on both sides of the BAM scaffold, after just 24hrs, with cell viability as high as 98%. These preliminary results suggest bioprinting allows for improved dual-sided cell coverage compared to manual-seeding.Conclusions: Bioprinting can enable automated fabrication of TEMR constructs with high fidelity and scalability, while reducing biomanufacturing costs and timelines. Such bioprinting applications are underappreciated, yet critical, to expand the overall biomanufacturing paradigm for tissue engineered medical products. In addition, biofabrication of sheet-like implantable constructs, with cells deposited on both sides, is a process that is both scaffold and cell-type agnostic, and furthermore, is amenable to many geometries, and thus, additional tissue engineering applications beyond skeletal muscle.

Caveolin-3 differentially orchestrates cholinergic and serotonergic constriction of murine airways.

The mechanisms of controlling airway smooth muscle (ASM) tone are of utmost clinical importance as inappropriate constriction is a hallmark in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Receptors for acetylcholine and serotonin, two relevant mediators in this context, appear to be incorporated in specialized, cholesterol-rich domains of the plasma membrane, termed caveolae due to their invaginated shape. The structural protein caveolin-1 partly accounts for anchoring of these receptors. We here determined the role of the other major caveolar protein, caveolin-3 (cav-3), in orchestrating cholinergic and serotonergic ASM responses, utilizing newly generated cav-3 deficient mice. Cav-3 deficiency fully abrogated serotonin-induced constriction of extrapulmonary airways in organ baths while leaving intrapulmonary airways unaffected, as assessed in precision cut lung slices. The selective expression of cav-3 in tracheal, but not intrapulmonary bronchial epithelial cells, revealed by immunohistochemistry, might explain the differential effects of cav-3 deficiency on serotonergic ASM constriction. The cholinergic response of extrapulmonary airways was not altered, whereas a considerable increase was observed in cav-3-/- intrapulmonary bronchi. Thus, cav-3 differentially organizes serotonergic and cholinergic signaling in ASM through mechanisms that are specific for airways of certain caliber and anatomical position. This may allow for selective and site-specific intervention in hyperreactive states.

[Female prostate cancer?] / Weibliches Prostatakarzinom?

We present a case of a female patient who had a clinically suspected advanced urothelial carcinoma of the urethra. Histopathological examination surprisingly revealed a malignant tumor with morphological and immunohistochemical features of prostate cancer, leading to the diagnosis of the extremely rare entity of Skene's gland adenocarcinoma.

Phosphocholine - an agonist of metabotropic but not of ionotropic functions of α9-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

We demonstrated previously that phosphocholine and phosphocholine-modified macromolecules efficiently inhibit ATP-dependent release of interleukin-1ß from human and murine monocytes by a mechanism involving nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). Interleukin-1ß is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine of innate immunity that plays pivotal roles in host defence. Control of interleukin-1ß release is vital as excessively high systemic levels cause life threatening inflammatory diseases. In spite of its structural similarity to acetylcholine, there are no other reports on interactions of phosphocholine with nAChR. In this study, we demonstrate that phosphocholine inhibits ion-channel function of ATP receptor P2X7 in monocytic cells via nAChR containing α9 and α10 subunits. In stark contrast to choline, phosphocholine does not evoke ion current responses in Xenopus laevis oocytes, which heterologously express functional homomeric nAChR composed of α9 subunits or heteromeric receptors containing α9 and α10 subunits. Preincubation of these oocytes with phosphocholine, however, attenuated choline-induced ion current changes, suggesting that phosphocholine may act as a silent agonist. We conclude that phophocholine activates immuno-modulatory nAChR expressed by monocytes but does not stimulate canonical ionotropic receptor functions.

Identification of cholinergic chemosensory cells in mouse tracheal and laryngeal glandular ducts.

Specialized epithelial cells in the respiratory tract such as solitary chemosensory cells and brush cells sense the luminal content and initiate protective reflexes in response to the detection of potentially harmful substances. The majority of these cells are cholinergic and utilize the canonical taste signal transduction cascade to detect "bitter" substances such as bacterial quorum sensing molecules. Utilizing two different mouse strains reporting expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the synthesizing enzyme of acetylcholine (ACh), we detected cholinergic cells in the submucosal glands of the murine larynx and trachea. These cells were localized in the ciliated glandular ducts and were neither found in the collecting ducts nor in alveolar or tubular segments of the glands. ChAT expression in tracheal gland ducts was confirmed by in situ hybridization. The cholinergic duct cells expressed the brush cell marker proteins, villin and cytokeratin-18, and were immunoreactive for components of the taste signal transduction cascade (Gα-gustducin, transient receptor potential melastatin-like subtype 5 channel = TRPM5, phospholipase C(ß2)), but not for carbonic anhydrase IV. Furthermore, these cells expressed the bitter taste receptor Tas2r131, as demonstrated utilizing an appropriate reporter mouse strain. Our study identified a previously unrecognized presumptive chemosensory cell type in the duct of the airway submucosal glands that likely utilizes ACh for paracrine signaling. We propose that these cells participate in infection-sensing mechanisms and initiate responses assisting bacterial clearance from the lower airways.

Mechanisms of hemolysis-associated platelet activation.

BACKGROUND: Intravascular hemolysis occurs after blood transfusion, in hemolytic anemias, and in other conditions, and is associated with hypercoagulable states. Hemolysis has been shown to potently activate platelets in vitro and in vivo, and several mechanisms have been suggested to account for this, including: (i) direct activation by hemoglobin (Hb); (ii) increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS); (iii) scavenging of nitric oxide (NO) by released Hb; and (iv) release of intraerythrocytic ADP. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the mechanism of hemolysis-mediated platelet activation. METHODS: We used flow cytometry to detect PAC-1 binding to activated platelets for in vitro experiments, and a Siemens' Advia 120 hematology system to assess platelet aggregation by using platelet counts from in vivo experiments in a rodent model. RESULTS: We found that Hb did not directly activate platelets. However, ADP bound to Hb could cause platelet activation. Furthermore, platelet activation caused by shearing of red blood cells (RBCs) was reduced in the presence of apyrase, which metabolizes ADP to AMP. The use of ROS scavengers did not affect platelet activation. We also found that cell-free Hb enhanced platelet activation by abrogating the inhibitory effect of NO on platelet activation. In vivo infusions of ADP and purified (ADP-free) Hb, as well as hemolysate, resulted in platelet aggregation, as shown by decreased platelet counts. CONCLUSION: Two primary mechanisms account for RBC hemolysis-associated platelet activation: ADP release, which activates platelets; and cell-free Hb release, which enhances platelet activation by lowering NO bioavailability.

Animal models of erectile dysfunction (ED): potential utility of non-human primates as a model of atherosclerosis-induced vascular ED.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a prevalent medical condition affecting 18 million men and their sexual partners in the United States alone. In the majority of patients, ED is related to alterations in the flow of blood to or from the penis. Undeniably, significant progress has been made in understanding the multifactorial mechanisms that modulate erectile capacity and predispose one to ED, and this, in turn, has led to the availability of more effective treatment options. Nonetheless, all current therapies have untoward side effects, and moreover, there are still no satisfactory treatments for many patients with ED. Further enhancements in the treatment of ED would logically result from both early intervention and more detailed mechanistic insight into the characteristics of the disease process per se. This fact underscores the importance of improved understanding of the initiation, development and progression of ED. However, to do so requires longitudinal studies on animal models that more closely approximate the corresponding clinical features and time course of human disease. The goal of this report is twofold. First, to provide a brief general overview of the applicability of commonly used animal models for the study of ED. The second and primary goal is to highlight the scientific rationale for using non-human primates to evaluate the impact of atherosclerosis-induced vascular disease on the penile and systemic circulatory systems. This latter goal seems especially relevant in light of the recent literature documenting a link between ED and systemic vascular disease, a finding that has major implications in an aging US male population consuming a high fat diet.

Effect of proton pump inhibitors on clinical outcome in patients treated with clopidogrel: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

To investigate whether proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) negatively affect clinical outcome in patients treated with clopidogrel. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Outcomes evaluated were combined major adverse cardiac events (MACE), myocardial infarction (MI), stent thrombosis, death and gastrointestinal bleeding. Studies included were randomized trials or post-hoc analyzes of randomized trials and observational studies reporting adjusted effect estimates. Twenty five studies met the selection criteria and included 159 138 patients. Administration of PPIs together with clopidogrel corresponded to a 29% increased risk of combined major cardiovascular events [risk ratio (RR) = 1.29, 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 1.15-1.45] and a 31% increased risk of MI (RR = 1.31, 95%CI = 1.12-1.53). In contrast, PPI use did not negatively influence the mortality (RR = 1.04, 95%CI = 0.93-1.16), whereas the risk of developing a gastrointestinal bleed under PPI treatment decreased by 50% (RR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.37-0.69). The presence of significant heterogeneity might indicate that the evidence is biased, confounded or inconsistent. The sensitivity analysis, however, yielded that the direction of the effect remained unchanged irrespective of the publication type, study quality, study size or risk of developing an event. Two studies indicate that PPIs have a negative effect irrespective of clopidogrel exposure. In conclusion, concomitant PPI use might be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events but does not influence the risk of death. Prospective randomized trials are required to investigate whether a cause-and-effect relationship truly exists and to explore whether different PPIs worsen clinical outcome in clopidogrel treated patients as the PPI-clopidogrel drug-drug interaction does not seem to be a class effect.

Multiple electrode aggregometry predicts stent thrombosis better than the vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation assay.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The prognostic value of the vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) phosphorylation assay and multiple electrode aggregometry (MEA) for thrombotic adverse events has been shown in independent studies. As no direct comparison between the two methods has been made so far, we investigated which laboratory approach has a better predictive value for stent thrombosis. METHODS: The VASP phosphorylation assay and MEA were performed in 416 patients with coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. The rate of stent thrombosis was recorded during a 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: Definite stent thrombosis occurred in three patients (0.7%) and probable stent thrombosis in four (1%). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis demonstrated that MEA distinguishes between patients with or without subsequent stent thrombosis better than the VASP phosphorylation assay: the area under the ROC curve was higher for MEA (0.92; P=0.012) than for the VASP phosphorylation assay (0.60; P=0.55). At equal levels of sensitivity (100%), the specificity was greater for MEA than for the VASP phosphorylation assay (86% vs. 37%). Stent thrombosis occurred in 9% of patients with platelet hyperreactivity in MEA, who were simultaneously clopidogrel non-responders in the VASP phosphorylation assay. Interestingly, clopidogrel non-responders in the VASP phosphorylation assay without platelet hyperreactivity in MEA did not suffer from stent thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS: Platelet hyperreactivity in MEA might be a better risk predictor for stent thrombosis than the assessment of the specific clopidogrel effect with the VASP phosphorylation assay.

Gene transfer with a vector expressing Maxi-K from a smooth muscle-specific promoter restores erectile function in the aging rat.

Previous reports have demonstrated that gene transfer with the alpha, or pore-forming, subunit of the human Maxi-K channel (hSlo) restores the decline in erectile capacity observed in established rat models of diabetes and aging. Preliminary data from a human clinical trial also showed safety and potential efficacy in 11 men treated with the same plasmid construct expressing the Maxi-K channel. In all instances, the original plasmid was driven by the heterologous cytomegalovirus promoter which is broadly active in a wide variety of cell and tissue types. To more precisely determine the contribution of the corporal myocyte to the observed physiological effects in vivo, we report here our initial work using a distinct vector (pSMAA-hSlo) in which hSlo gene expression was driven off the mouse smooth muscle alpha-actin (SMAA) promoter. Specifically, older rats, with diminished erectile capacity, were given a single intracorporal injection with either 100 mug pVAX-hSlo or 10, 100 or 1000 mug pSMAA-hSlo, or vector or vehicle alone. Significantly increased intracavernous pressure (ICP) responses to cavernous nerve stimulation were observed for all doses of both plasmids encoding hSlo, relative to control injections. These data confirm and extend previous observations to document that smooth muscle cell-specific expression of hSlo in corporal tissue is both necessary and sufficient to restore erectile function in aging rats.

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 predicts coronary in-stent restenosis of drug-eluting stents.

BACKGROUND: We tested the hypothesis that plasma levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) are influenced by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with the implantation of drug eluting stents (DES) and are able to predict the occurrence of in-stent restenosis (ISR). METHODS AND RESULTS: PAI-1 active antigen plasma levels were determined in 75 patients before and 24 h after PCI with DES implantation. Patients with ISR after six to eight months (16%) showed significantly lower PAI-1 plasma levels before PCI (ISR, 11.7 +/- 8.1 ng mL(-1); non-ISR, 22.8 +/- 18.8 ng mL(-1); P <0.05). PAI-1 levels in the lowest tertile were associated with a 9.5-fold increased risk of ISR, independent of clinical risk factors, angiographic or procedural characteristics, compared to the highest tertile (P < 0.05). The induced change of PAI-1 active antigen 24 h after PCI was significantly higher in patients with ISR (ISR, +5.6 +/- 8.0 ng mL(-1); non-ISR, -3.2 +/- 12.1 ng mL(-1); P < 0.05) with positive correlation to late lumen loss (r = 0.30; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: ISR after DES implantation is significantly related to plasma levels of PAI-1 active antigen before and after PCI. If confirmed by larger multicenter studies, the determination of PAI-1 plasma levels might be clinically helpful in the identification of patients at high risk of developing of ISR, even after DES implantation.

Experimental determination of pCo perturbation factors for plane-parallel chambers.

For plane-parallel chambers used in electron dosimetry, modern dosimetry protocols recommend a cross-calibration against a calibrated cylindrical chamber. The rationale for this is the unacceptably large (up to 3-4%) chamber-to-chamber variations of the perturbation factors (pwall)Co, which have been reported for plane-parallel chambers of a given type. In some recent publications, it was shown that this is no longer the case for modern plane-parallel chambers. The aims of the present study are to obtain reliable information about the variation of the perturbation factors for modern types of plane-parallel chambers, and-if this variation is found to be acceptably small-to determine type-specific mean values for these perturbation factors which can be used for absorbed dose measurements in electron beams using plane-parallel chambers. In an extensive multi-center study, the individual perturbation factors pCo (which are usually assumed to be equal to (pwall)Co) for a total of 35 plane-parallel chambers of the Roos type, 15 chambers of the Markus type and 12 chambers of the Advanced Markus type were determined. From a total of 188 cross-calibration measurements, variations of the pCo values for different chambers of the same type of at most 1.0%, 0.9% and 0.6% were found for the chambers of the Roos, Markus and Advanced Markus types, respectively. The mean pCo values obtained from all measurements are [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]; the relative experimental standard deviation of the individual pCo values is less than 0.24% for all chamber types; the relative standard uncertainty of the mean pCo values is 1.1%.

Indications for predismissal testing with arrhythmia-induction in patients receiving an implantable cardioverter defibrillator.

UNLABELLED: Arrhythmia induction during implantation of cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) is a standard procedure. However, controversy exists regarding the need for routine arrhythmia induction before discharge from hospital (pre-hospital discharge (PHD) test). In order to reduce the number of tests we identified risk factors that predict relevant ICD malfunction. METHODS AND RESULTS: 965 patients receiving a first device implantation (n=724) or device/system replacement (n=241) between 1998 and 2004 were analysed. During implantation 176 (18%) complications (intraoperative undersensing of induced arrhythmias, unsuccessful arrhythmia-therapy or low DFT safety margin) occurred. Frequent (>4 times) intraoperative lead repositioning due to low sensing values was present in 44 patients (5%). 9% of the patients with first ICD implantation, 21% with device replacement and 27% with system replacement developed complications during PHD testing with arrhythmia induction. Intraoperative complications, although corrected during implantation, were independent risk factors for malfunction during PHD testing (p<0.05). Additional predictors for malfunction were intraoperative lead repositioning (>4 times) and a history of both VF and VT (p<0.05). Patients without intraoperative complications rarely developed malfunction during PHD testing (3.7% first device, 6.25% system replacement). Only in patients undergoing device replacement was a higher risk for failure (13%) evident. No risk factors could be identified for these subgroups. CONCLUSION: Routine arrhythmia induction during PHD is recommended in ICD patients with intraoperative complications, although corrected during implantation, as well as frequent intraoperatives lead repositioning. Patients undergoing device/system replacement uncomplicated implantation are not generally at low risk for device failure.

Human heart-type fatty-acid-binding protein as a point-of-care test in the early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: At very early stages of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), highly sensitive biomarkers are still lacking. AIM: To evaluate the utility of human heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (h-FABP) for early diagnosis of AMI. DESIGN: Prospective diagnostic study. METHODS: Consecutive patients presenting to the emergency department with chest pain or dyspnoea within 24 h of symptom onset were included. At presentation, the h-FABP test result was compared to the standard diagnostic work-up, including repeated ECG and troponin T measurements. Sensitivity analysis was performed for inconclusive tests. RESULTS: We enrolled 280 patients presenting to hospital with a median symptom onset of 3 h (IQR 2-6 h): 109 (39%) had AMI. At presentation, h-FABP had a sensitivity of 69% (95%CI 59-77) and specificity of 74% (95%CI 66-80); 45 tests were false-positive and 34 were false-negative. Omitting inconclusive tests increased sensitivity and specificity only slightly. AMI was identified significantly earlier by h-FABP than by troponin T (24 vs. 8 patients, p=0.005). DISCUSSION: Although h-FABP can help to detect myocardial damage at an early stage in patients with chest pain or dyspnoea, it appears unsuitable as a stand-alone test for ruling out AMI.

Predictive value of plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 for coronary restenosis: dependence on stent implantation and antithrombotic medication.

BACKGROUND: The plasmin activation system is involved in the development of restenosis after percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). Conflicting data exist concerning the role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and its predictive value for restenosis. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the fibrinolytic response to injury after PCI with or without stent implantation on different antithrombotic medications and its relation to late restenosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eighty consecutive patients with successful PCI without (balloon only; n = 37) or with stent implantation (stent; n = 43) on different antithrombotic regimes (balloon only, aspirin; stent, aspirin/coumadin/dipyridamole vs. aspirin/ticlopidine). Blood samples were taken at baseline and up to 7 days after PCI and PAI-1 active antigen and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) antigen were determined. Restenosis was angiographically determined after 6 months. RESULTS: PCI increased both t-PA and PAI-1 levels (P < 0.001), with a significant prolonged and pronounced increase in stent vs. balloon-only patients (P < 0.05). Restenosis (stent 26%; balloon 38%) was significantly correlated to an attenuated PAI-1 increase after 24 h in the ticlopidine group (P = 0.007; restenosis, relative Delta PAI-1 + 50 +/- 28%; non-restenosis, + 139 +/- 50%), but not in the coumadin group. In the balloon-only group late restenosis (ISR) was associated with a trend for an augmented PAI-1 increase after 24 h. CONCLUSIONS: Coronary stent implantation significantly increases t-PA and PAI-1 plasma levels up to 1 week compared with balloon angioplasty alone. ISR in ticlopidine-treated patients was associated with an attenuated early PAI-1 active antigen increase. A less than 50% increase 24 h after stent implantation under ticlopidine treatment may identify patients at risk for the development of ISR.

Air density correction in ionization dosimetry.

Air density must be taken into account when ionization dosimetry is performed with unsealed ionization chambers. The German dosimetry protocol DIN 6800-2 states an air density correction factor for which current barometric pressure and temperature and their reference values must be known. It also states that differences between air density and the attendant reference value, as well as changes in ionization chamber sensitivity, can be determined using a radioactive check source. Both methods have advantages and drawbacks which the paper discusses in detail. Barometric pressure at a given height above sea level can be determined by using a suitable barometer, or data downloaded from airport or weather service internet sites. The main focus of the paper is to show how barometric data from measurement or from the internet are correctly processed. Therefore the paper also provides all the requisite equations and terminological explanations. Computed and measured barometric pressure readings are compared, and long-term experience with air density correction factors obtained using both methods is described.

Frontiers in gene therapy for erectile dysfunction.

Complete sequencing of the human genome has made possible a new age of molecular medicine. The utilization of sophisticated genomic technologies has important implications to the understanding, diagnosis and treatment of erectile dysfunction. This report will review one aspect of the impact of the genomic revolution on urology, to wit, the preclinical evidence emerging from several laboratories indicating that gene therapy for erectile dysfunction may well provide the first safe and effective application of gene therapy to the treatment of human smooth muscle disease. The molecular targets explored thus far have concentrated largely on manipulating various aspects of the nitric oxide/guanylate cyclase/cGMP system, although genetic modulation of growth factors, calcium sensitization mechanisms and potassium channel expression have also been explored. Cell-based gene therapy techniques are also being explored. The apparent preclinical success of virtually all of these gene-based strategies reflects the multifactorial nature of erectile disease as well as the numerous regulatory mechanisms available for restoring erectile capacity. While technical hurdles remain with respect to the choice of delivery vectors, molecular target validation and duration of efficacy, 'proof-of-concept' has clearly been documented. The ultimate goal of gene therapy is to provide a safe, effective and specific means for altering intracavernous pressure 'on demand', while simultaneously eliminating the necessity for other forms of therapy, and moreover, without altering resting penile function, or the physiology of other organ systems. It is in these arenas that the groundbreaking potential of gene transfer technology to the treatment of erectile dysfunction will be fully tested. In fact, the potential benefits of the application of gene transfer techniques to this important medical problem is just now beginning to be appreciated/recognized.

The successful long-term treatment of age related erectile dysfunction with hSlo cDNA in rats in vivo.

PURPOSE: We have previously reported that 1 intracorporeal injection of 100 microg hSlo/pcDNA reversed the effect of aging on erectile function in a rat model in vivo for at least 2 months. We report our further investigations of the amplitude, duration and physiological relevance of this novel gene transfer approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 191 retired breeder Sprague-Dawley rats were given a single intracavernous injection of phosphate buffered saline, 1,000 microg pcDNA, or 10, 100 or 1,000 microg pcDNA/hSlo. The animals were studied 1 to 6 months after injection. The intracorporeal pressure (ICP) response to cavernous nerve stimulation and immunostaining as well as hematoxylin and eosin staining were done to evaluate effector nerve integrity and tissue histology, respectively. RESULTS: Gene transfer prevented an age related decrease in resting ICP and a physiologically relevant, significant effect on normalizing erection in vivo, as determined by submaximal (0.5 mA) and maximal (4.0 mA) cavernous nerve stimulation. The effects were observed 1 month after transfection and sustained for 6 months at the 100 and 1,000 microg doses of pcDNA/hSlo (p <0.026). CONCLUSIONS: The physiological manifestations of gene transfer were detected as an amelioration of the age related decrease in resting ICP, and parallel increase in the magnitude of the cavernous nerve stimulated an ICP response to a level at which visible erections were again observed in this rat model of aging in vivo.

The physiology, pathophysiology and therapeutic potential of gap junctions in smooth muscle.

Phenotypic variability in smooth muscle cells accounts, in large part, for the incredible functional diversity required of the involuntary hollow organs of the body (i.e., respiratory passages, blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract, etc.). In all instances coordination of smooth muscle cell responses, that is, contraction and relaxation, is critical to normal organ function. While numerous biological mechanisms exist for coordinating smooth muscle cell responses, intercellular communication through gap junctions represents a common denominator present in all organ systems. In this report, we review the evidence documenting the presence and functional significance of myocyte gap junctions to physiologically distinct organ systems, and furthermore, provide some examples of their putative roles in organ pathology. Finally, we advance the thesis that despite their ubiquity and heterogeneous expression, gap junctions are nonetheless potentially attractive therapeutic targets for the treatment of certain smooth muscle disorders. Their therapeutic efficacy will necessarily hinge on the existence of connexin isoform-selective junctional effects. The overall rationale for targeting the intercellular pathway is therefore analogous to strategies that target other ubiquitously expressed ion channels, such as calcium or potassium channels. Such strategies have proved efficacious for the treatment of a wide range of human smooth muscle disorders including hypertension, urinary incontinence and sexual function.

The use of plane-parallel chambers in electron dosimetry without any cross-calibration.

Current dosimetry protocols from AAPM, DIN and IAEA recommend a cross-calibration for plane-parallel chambers against a calibrated thimble chamber for electron dosimetry. The rationale for this is the assumed chamber-to-chamber variation of plane-parallel chambers and the large uncertainty in the wall perturbation factor (p(wall)60Co)pp at 60Co for plane-parallel chambers. We have confirmed the results of other authors that chamber-to-chamber variation of the investigated chambers of types Roos, Markus, Advanced Markus and Farmer is less than 0.3%. Starting with a calibration factor for absorbed dose to water and on the basis of the three dosimetry protocols AAPM TG-51, DIN 6800-2 (slightly modified) and IAEA TRS-398, values for (p(wall)60Co)Roos of 1.024 +/- 0.005, (p(wall)60Co)Markus of 1.016 +/- 0.005 and (p(wall)60Co)Advanced Markus of 1.014 +/- 0.005 have been determined. In future this will permit electron dosimetry with the above-listed plane-parallel chambers having a calibration factor N(D, w)60Co without the necessity for cross-calibration against a thimble chamber.