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1.
Acta Neurol Belg ; 111(3): 175-82, 2011 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22141279

ABSTRACT

This paper proposes therapeutic guidelines for the management of some epileptic syndromes in infants, children, and adolescents, based on available medical literature and clinical practice in the French Community of Belgium. The guidelines address both epileptic encephalopathies (West syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and Dravet syndrome) and idiopathic epilepsies (typical absence seizures, epilepsy with centro-temporal spikes and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy).


Subject(s)
Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use , Epilepsy/drug therapy , Adolescent , Age Factors , Child , Humans , Infant , Intellectual Disability/drug therapy , Lennox Gastaut Syndrome , Myoclonic Epilepsy, Juvenile/drug therapy , Spasms, Infantile/drug therapy
2.
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol ; 24(2): 219-22, 2010 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19522775

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: We have previously shown the detrimental effects of 19 sub-erythemal exposures to daily ultraviolet radiation (DUVR, which mimics non-extreme exposure conditions), delivered over 4 weeks to volunteers. This source had UVA (320-400 nm) to UVB (290-320 nm) irradiance ratio of 25, instead of that close to 10 that is typically the case with solar-simulated radiation (SSR) that represents summer global sunlight with a clear sky and quasi-zenith solar irradiance. OBJECTIVE: Here, we report on an extension of this previous study, in which we evaluated the photoprotection afforded by a broad-spectrum daily-care product with a low-sun protection factor (SPF 8, UVA-PF 7 and 3* rated UVA protection). We assessed cellular and molecular markers of photodamage that are relevant to skin cancer and photoageing. RESULTS: This study shows that biological effects of repeated exposure to DUVR can be prevented by a broad-spectrum daily-care product and that the level of protection afforded varies with the studied endpoint. CONCLUSION: Efficient daily UVR protection, as provided by a broad-spectrum daily-care product, is necessary to prevent the 'silent' sub-erythemal cumulative effects of UVR from inadvertent sun exposure.


Subject(s)
Skin Diseases/prevention & control , Sunlight/adverse effects , Sunscreening Agents , Humans , Skin Diseases/etiology
3.
Seizure ; 12(7): 483-9, 2003 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12967577

ABSTRACT

In children, non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) is rare and difficult to treat. Response to steroids and GABAergic medication is variable and often decreases with increasing duration of NCSE. We present our experience with oral ketamine, an NMDA-receptor antagonist, administered to five children with severe epilepsy (Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome, myoclonic-astatic epilepsy, progressive myoclonic epilepsy and Pseudo-Lennox Syndrome) during an episode of NCSE. Resolution of NCSE was documented in all cases clinically and electroencephalographically within 24-48 hours of starting ketamine. No significant side effects were noted.


Subject(s)
Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/therapeutic use , Ketamine/therapeutic use , Status Epilepticus/drug therapy , Administration, Oral , Child , Child, Preschool , Electroencephalography/drug effects , Female , Humans , Male , Motor Skills/drug effects , Status Epilepticus/physiopathology , Time Factors
5.
Br J Dermatol ; 148(2): 291-9, 2003 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12588382

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Ultraviolet (UV) exposure of human skin induces local and systemic immune suppression. This phenomenon has been well documented when UVB radiation (290-320 nm) is used. The mechanism is thought to involve Langerhans cells (LCs), the epidermal dendritic cells that play a crucial role in antigen presentation. A variety of studies have clearly demonstrated that UVB radiation decreases LC density and alters their morphology and immunological function, but little is known about the effects of the entire UV spectrum (ultraviolet solar simulated radiation, UV-SSR or UVB + UVA) or UVA (320-400 nm) radiation alone. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to analyse and compare the effects of a single exposure of human volunteers to UV-SSR, total UVA or UVA1 (340-400 nm) in the human epidermal LC density and morphology. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry on epidermal sheets with various antibodies and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used. RESULTS: Immunostaining for class II antigen revealed that a single UV-SSR exposure, corresponding to twice the minimal erythemal dose (MED), induced a significant reduction in LC density with only slight morphological alterations of remaining cells. After a single UVA exposure, LC density showed a dose-dependent reduction with a significant effect at 60 J cm(-2) (well above the MED). Moreover, the reduction of LC dendricity was also dose-dependent and significant for doses exceeding 30 J cm(-2). UVA1 radiation was as effective as total UVA for the later endpoint. As demonstrated by TEM, the location of Birbeck granules containing epidermal cells was modified in UVA-exposed areas. They were located in the spinous rather than in the suprabasal layer. In addition, the morphology of these cells was altered. We observed a rounding up of the cell body with a reduction of dendricity. Alterations of mitochondrial membrane and ridges were also seen. CONCLUSIONS: A single exposure of human skin in vivo to UV-SSR, UVA or UVA1 radiation results in different alterations of density and/or morphology of LCs. All these alterations may impair the antigen-presenting function of LCs leading to an alteration of immune response.


Subject(s)
Langerhans Cells/radiation effects , Mannose-Binding Lectins , Ultraviolet Rays/adverse effects , Adolescent , Adult , Antigens, CD , Antigens, Surface/immunology , Cell Count , Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation , Epidermis/radiation effects , Female , HLA-DR Antigens/immunology , Humans , Immune Tolerance/radiation effects , Langerhans Cells/pathology , Lectins, C-Type/immunology , Male , Microscopy, Electron , Middle Aged , Mitochondria/radiation effects
6.
Seizure ; 11(8): 489-93, 2002 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12464508

ABSTRACT

We report a girl with refractory partial seizures since 7 years of age, secondary to right frontal cortical dysplasia, who developed MRI and SPECT abnormalities in the contralateral hemicerebellar cortex. These became more marked, leading to left hemicerebellar atrophy. Crossed cerebellar diaschisis has been described mostly in hemispheric stroke and supratentorial tumours, but less often in epilepsy. It is usually a transient phenomenon. This report shows that crossed cerebellar diaschisis can develop within two years of seizure onset and evolve over time.


Subject(s)
Cerebellar Cortex/pathology , Cerebellar Diseases/diagnosis , Dominance, Cerebral/physiology , Epilepsy, Frontal Lobe/diagnosis , Frontal Lobe/abnormalities , Atrophy , Cerebellar Diseases/physiopathology , Child , Disease Progression , Epilepsy, Frontal Lobe/physiopathology , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Frontal Lobe/pathology , Frontal Lobe/physiopathology , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Neural Pathways/pathology , Neural Pathways/physiopathology , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
8.
Rev Neurol (Paris) ; 157(1): 84-6, 2001 Jan.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11240553

ABSTRACT

The clinical signs of cerebellitis are usually bilateral and symmetrical. We report the case of a 9-year-old girl who presented with acute hemiataxia and flaccid hemiparesis associated with a lesion in the ipsilateral cerebellar cortex two weeks after a viral upper respiratory tract infection. The clinical outcome was good without treatment. Imaging follow-up showed hemiatrophy of the cerebellar cortex.


Subject(s)
Cerebellar Diseases/virology , Encephalitis/virology , Cerebellum , Child , Female , Humans
9.
Brain Dev ; 22(8): 487-93, 2000 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11111062

ABSTRACT

The diagnostic and prognostic value of magnetic resonance imaging in the tuberous sclerosis complex has increasingly been recognized. In this paper, we review the presumed pathogenesis of the cerebral dysgenesis seen in this condition in the light of magnetic resonance imaging features of selected patients. In addition to typical findings related to tubers, we show and discuss varied cortical malformations (from simple localized cortical dysplasia to transmantle dysplasia and schizencephaly) similar to those seen in sporadic cerebral dysgenesis. These cases support the hypothesis that the tuberous sclerosis complex focally affects the radial glial-neuronal complex as a basic unit for brain development. Abnormal stem cells would create dysplastic glia and neurons that fail to differentiate, proliferate, migrate and form a normally organized cortex.


Subject(s)
Cerebral Cortex/abnormalities , Cerebral Cortex/pathology , Tuberous Sclerosis/complications , Tuberous Sclerosis/pathology , Cell Differentiation/physiology , Cell Movement/physiology , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Neurons/pathology
10.
Pediatr Radiol ; 30(7): 435-8, 2000 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10929359

ABSTRACT

We report the clinical, radiological and electrophysiological signs in two unrelated girls with the connatal form of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD). MRI plays an important role in the diagnosis, demonstrating the virtual absence of myelination. PMD is classically described as an X-linked leukodystrophy. Our two cases reinforce the hypothesis of a possible autosomal recessive transmission of the connatal form of PMD in some families, as recently presented.


Subject(s)
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease/diagnosis , Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease/genetics , Diagnosis, Differential , Electroencephalography , Evoked Potentials , Female , Genes, Recessive , Humans , Infant , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , X Chromosome
14.
Pediatr Neurol ; 22(2): 136-8, 2000 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10738920

ABSTRACT

In children, multiple sclerosis is rare and has some clinical and paraclinical differences compared with adults. The assessment of corticospinal motor tracts is expected to be relevant because of their frequent early involvement in this disease. Reported are the results of transcranial magnetic stimulation in two children who presented at 12 and 9 years of age with clinically probable and definite multiple sclerosis, respectively. In Patient 1 the excitatory cortical threshold for the upper limbs was abnormally raised. In Patient 2 the latency of the motor-evoked potentials was considerably increased for the right tibialis anterior muscle, with a slowing of the central conduction time. Although these abnormalities may be consistent with central conduction impairment, they may alternatively suggest early axonal damage because irreversible axonal lesions occurring at the onset of the disease have recently been reported. Testing of central motor tracts, in addition to visual, auditory, and somatosensory pathways, therefore appears appropriate in the multimodal assessment of pediatric patients with suspected multiple sclerosis.


Subject(s)
Electromagnetic Fields , Evoked Potentials, Motor , Multiple Sclerosis/diagnosis , Multiple Sclerosis/physiopathology , Axons/pathology , Child , Diagnosis, Differential , Female , Humans , Male , Neural Conduction , Refractory Period, Electrophysiological
15.
J Radiol ; 81(1): 25-32, 2000 Jan.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10671721

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Prognostic value of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scoring system in infants with a severe apparent life threatening event (ALTE). METHODS: Ten infants with an ALTE (aged between 6 and 31 weeks) were clinically graded according to the PRISM score and evaluated with EEG, evoked potentials and MRI. The 18 MRIs obtained were distributed in 3 classes according to the delay after which they were obtained; class A (n=5): within the first 48 hours after the event, class B (n=7): between day 3 and 8 and class C (n=6): between day 9 and 50. The 18 MRIs were evaluated retrospectively using a scoring system based on 3 categories of lesions: edema, basal ganglia injury and watershed injuries. Five infants died between day 2 and day 15 after the event. The five surviving infants had follow up neurodevelopmental testing after 38 to 77 months. RESULTS: There was no correlation between the 5 MRIs of class A and the neurological outcome. For the MRIs of class B and C, the scoring system can be of great value when combined with the scores of EEG, EP and PRISM. CONCLUSIONS: The scoring system for MRI performed within 48 hours after the event is falsely reassuring. MRI can be helpful as early as 3 days after the event when combined with the score of the electrophysiological investigations and the PRISM.


Subject(s)
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/diagnosis , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Sudden Infant Death , Basal Ganglia Diseases/diagnosis , Brain Edema/diagnosis , Cerebral Palsy/etiology , Critical Care , Electroencephalography , Epilepsy/etiology , Evoked Potentials/physiology , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Hemiplegia/etiology , Humans , Infant , Intellectual Disability/etiology , Male , Neurologic Examination , Paraplegia/etiology , Predictive Value of Tests , Prognosis , Quadriplegia/etiology , Retrospective Studies , Time Factors
16.
Eur J Emerg Med ; 7(3): 229-36, 2000 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11142276

ABSTRACT

We report the case of a patient who co-ingested a tricyclic antidepressant (amitriptyline), benzodiazepines (alprazolam and lormetazepam) and a neuroleptic drug (prothipendyl). Major neurologic and cardiac symptoms occurred including a prolonged cardiac arrest. The cardiopulmonary resuscitation phase was complicated by a haematoma of the liver treated by a left hepatectomy. The clinical features and management of this combined intoxication are discussed.


Subject(s)
Alprazolam/poisoning , Amitriptyline/poisoning , Anti-Anxiety Agents/poisoning , Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic/poisoning , Antipsychotic Agents/poisoning , Benzodiazepines , Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation , Lorazepam/analogs & derivatives , Lorazepam/poisoning , Suicide, Attempted , Thiazines/poisoning , Adult , Emergencies , Female , Humans , Time Factors
17.
Seizure ; 8(4): 238-40, 1999 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10452923

ABSTRACT

Angelman syndrome is a neurogenetic condition namely characterized by developmental delay, virtual absence of expressive verbal language, peculiar organization of movement, seizures and happy demeanor. This syndrome has been recognized since 1965, but it seems that Walt Disney presented an original depiction of it in his first full-length animated film, including myoclonic jerks and an apparently generalized tonic-clonic seizure.


Subject(s)
Angelman Syndrome/psychology , Cartoons as Topic , Epilepsies, Myoclonic/psychology , Medicine in the Arts , Motion Pictures , Angelman Syndrome/diagnosis , Child , Epilepsies, Myoclonic/diagnosis , Humans , Language Development Disorders/diagnosis , Language Development Disorders/psychology , Sick Role
18.
Audiology ; 38(4): 187-95, 1999.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10431904

ABSTRACT

Auditory neuropathy is defined as absent or severely distorted auditory brainstem responses with preserved otoacoustic emissions and cochlear microphonics. This entity can be found in various circumstances including pre-lingual children. An almost universal characteristic reported from adult patients is the ineffectiveness of traditional hearing aids. Adequate management of pre-lingual cases therefore remains an open problem. This paper describes two pre-lingual children whose follow-up data demonstrated a selective loss of the otoacoustic emissions, whereas the cochlear microphonics remained preserved. In one of the patients, hearing aid fitting as soon as she lost her otoacoustic emissions proved successful. These findings have important implications for the operational definition of the condition, since one must be prepared to encounter cases with absent otoacoustic emissions. The present data also demonstrate that conventional amplification can benefit pre-lingual auditory neuropathy cases, at least once they have lost their otoacoustic emissions.


Subject(s)
Cochlear Microphonic Potentials/physiology , Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem/physiology , Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/physiopathology , Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous/physiology , Vestibulocochlear Nerve/physiopathology , Adult , Brain Stem/physiopathology , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer/physiopathology , Hearing Aids , Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/diagnosis , Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/rehabilitation , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Infant, Premature, Diseases/diagnosis , Infant, Premature, Diseases/physiopathology , Infant, Premature, Diseases/rehabilitation , Language Development Disorders/diagnosis , Language Development Disorders/physiopathology , Language Development Disorders/rehabilitation , Male , Speech Discrimination Tests
20.
Hum Reprod ; 14(2): 345-8, 1999 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10099976

ABSTRACT

Propofol (Diprivan) is an i.v. anaesthetic used for general anaesthesia. The purpose of this study was to measure the propofol concentration in arterial blood and follicular fluid in patients during transvaginal oocyte retrieval. After approval by the University Ethics Committee, 30 women participated in this prospective study. Following induction of anaesthesia with 0.5 mg alfentanil and 2 mg.kg-1 propofol i.v., a continuous infusion of propofol at 10 mg.kg-1.h-1 was used for maintenance of anaesthesia. Follicular fluid and arterial blood samples were aspirated simultaneously at fixed intervals during the surgical procedure and propofol assayed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mean follicular fluid concentration of propofol increased linearly with time from 0.10 +/- 0.02 microgram.ml-1 to 0.57 +/- 0.06 microgram.ml-1 and was strongly related to the cumulative dose of propofol administered. The absorption of propofol was time-dependent. There was no correlation between the concentration of propofol in the follicular fluid and the arterial blood concentration of the drug. In conclusion, a propofol-based anaesthetic technique resulted in significant concentrations of this agent in follicular fluid, related to the dose administered and to the duration of propofol administration.


Subject(s)
Anesthesia, General , Anesthetics, Intravenous/metabolism , Follicular Fluid/metabolism , Oocytes , Propofol/metabolism , Specimen Handling , Adult , Anesthetics, Intravenous/blood , Arteries , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Female , Humans , Osmolar Concentration , Propofol/blood , Prospective Studies , Specimen Handling/methods
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