Gallium-68 Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen Positron Emission Tomography in Advanced Prostate Cancer-Updated Diagnostic Utility, Sensitivity, Specificity, and Distribution of Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen-avid Lesions: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

CONTEXT: Accurate staging of high-risk localised, advanced, and metastatic prostate cancer is becoming increasingly more important in guiding local and systemic treatment. Gallium-68 prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography (PET) has increasingly been utilised globally to assess the local and metastatic burden of prostate cancer, typically in biochemically recurrent or advanced disease. Following our previous meta-analysis, a high-volume series has been reported highlighting the utility of 68Ga-PSMA PET in this setting. OBJECTIVE: To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to update reported predictors of positive 68Ga-PSMA PET according to prior therapy and proportion of positivity in various anatomical locations with sensitivity and specificity profiles. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: We performed critical reviews of MEDLINE, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Libraries, and Web of Science databases in July 2018 according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement. Quality assessment was performed using Quality Assessment if Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool. Meta-analyses of proportions were performed using a random-effect model. Summary sensitivity and specificity values were obtained by fitting bivariate hierarchical regression models. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: A total of 37 articles including 4790 patients were analysed. For patients with biochemical recurrence, positive 68Ga-PSMA PET scans increased with higher pre-PET prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. For PSA categories 0-0.19, 0.2-0.49, 0.5-0.99, 1-1.99, and ≥2ng/ml, the percentages of positive scans were 33%, 45%, 59%, 75%, and 95%, respectively. No significant differences in positivity were noted between Gleason sums ≤7 and ≥8. Significant differences in positivity after biochemical recurrence in the prostate bed were noted between radical prostatectomy (22%) and radiotherapy (52%) patients. On per-node analysis, high sensitivity (75%) and specificity (99%) were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Ga-68-PSMA PET improves detection of metastases with biochemical recurrence, particularly at low pre-PET PSA levels of >0.2ng/ml (33%) and 0.2-0.5ng/ml (45%). Ga-68-PSMA-PET produces favourable sensitivity and specificity profiles on meta-analysis of pooled data. This analysis highlights different anatomic patterns of metastatic spread according to PSMA PET in the primary and biochemically recurrent settings. PATIENT SUMMARY: Gallium-68 prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography is now an established imaging technique that has been developed in response to inadequacies in standard of care imaging modalities to improve the detection of metastatic disease in prostate cancer, particularly in the setting of disease recurrence. To date, this imaging modality in the setting of primary staging is controversial, given the paucity of data. In light of the growing body of evidence, we summarised the data to date to provide clinicians with an overview of this imaging modality.

Photoselective Vaporization of the Bladder for the Management of Radiation Cystitis-Technique and Initial Outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To describe our technique using photoselective vaporization of the bladder (PVB) for the management of hemorrhagic cystitis and initial results of the procedure in 12 patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An audit of theater records of a single surgeon was performed to identify patients who had undergone PVB for the management of radiation cystitis. Rigid cystoscopy was performed. Ureteric catheters were placed and active bleeding sites were targeted to optimize vision. Ablation was commenced using the vaporize function. When lasering around delicate structures, the coagulation function was used. Ureteric catheters remained in situ for 24 hours. An 18Fr Foley catheter was placed. When urine output was clear, continuous bladder irrigation was ceased. Both ureteric catheters and the Foley catheter were removed before the 24-hour mark. RESULTS: Twelve patients were identified. Eight patients had previously required blood transfusion secondary to bladder hemorrhage. Nine patients were successfully treated and 2 patients saw improvement in hematuria but required a repeat procedure at 3 weeks postoperatively. Four patients underwent hyperbaric oxygenation as consolidative therapy. One patient was unsuccessfully treated and underwent cystectomy. There were no mortalities. No patients sustained bladder perforation or damage to surrounding structures. CONCLUSION: Radiation cystitis can be life threatening and remains a challenge for the urologist with traditional intravesical treatments, such as aluminum or formalin, having variable results. We present an alternate technique using PVB to ablate the bladder mucosa, with good results. Consolidation with hyperbaric oxygen therapy may be considered. Our study is limited by the small sample size, and the presence of bilateral ureteric catheters leaving the bladder free from urine may impact immediate postoperative outcomes. These initial results are promising; however, further prospective evaluation with a larger cohort and pre- and postoperative cystograms would enable better evaluation of this technique as a definitive management option for hemorrhagic cystitis.

PSMA-PET guided hook-wire localization of nodal metastases in prostate cancer: a targeted approach.

Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PSMA-PET/CT) has increased the sensitivity and specificity of imaging to identify metastatic prostate cancer in the group of patients with early biochemical recurrence when compared to conventional imaging. In patients who develop biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer following surgical resection, salvage lymph node dissection may reduce prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels and delay the time for commencement of systemic therapies. However, PLND may be an anatomically and technically difficult procedure, particularly with small metastatic diseases which can be problematic for intra-operative identification. We describe the technique using PSMA-PET imaging to pre-operatively localise areas of low-volume nodal metastatic disease with hookwire to allow targeted lymph node dissection with direct visualisation and palpation to ensure adequate clearance of involved nodes.

Analysis of a practical surgical skills laboratory for nerve sparing radical prostatectomy.

PURPOSE: With the rapidly expanding anatomical and technical knowledge surrounding nervesparing radical prostatectomy (NSRP), anatomical and operative textbooks have failed to keep pace with the literature. A surgical skill laboratory (SSL) was designed to educate urology trainees on surgical anatomy and techniques for NSRP. The objective was to assess the validity of a SSL program. METHODS: A low-fidelity, anatomically accurate prostate model with its appropriate fascial coverings and location of the neurovascular bundle was created. Participants were surveyed prior to a SSL workshop for their knowledge of NSRP focusing on clinical and anatomical considerations. An interactive 2-h tutorial and workshop was then undertaken outlining the clinical and anatomical nuances for NSRP, with participants then practising an intra and inter-fascial NSRP on the model. Participants were resurveyed immediately after the workshop and at 6 months. RESULTS: Thirty participants completed the NSRP workshop. Significant differences (p < 0.0001) in anatomical and clinical knowledge were noted after the workshop with improvements for both junior and senior trainees. The knowledge was retained at 6 months following the workshop. CONCLUSIONS: A low-fidelity bench-top model is a feasible and reproducible technique for improving the understanding of periprostatic anatomy and the different surgical approaches for NSRP. The SSL is useful and knowledge gained appears to be retained by workshop participants. SSL workshops are a valid hands-on approach to teaching surgical skills and should remain an integral part of urology training.

Rectus sheath haematoma causing ureteric obstruction.

Rectus sheath haematoma is an uncommon condition. However, its incidence is increasing, attributed to greater use of anticoagulant therapy. We present the case of an 83-year-old woman on therapeutic enoxaparin for a prior pulmonary embolus who underwent elective right hemicolectomy and developed a rectus sheath haematoma 13 days postoperatively. Her extensive haematoma compressed retroperitoneal structures including the right ureter. She was successfully managed conservatively.

CATCH-22: a manual bladder washout protocol to improve care for clot retention.

PURPOSE: To review current practices in manual bladder washouts (MBW) for haematuria with clot retention, comparing those conducted by a urology unit to other inpatient services. Secondly, to describe a standardised protocol for MBWs. METHODS: Prospective data were collected for patients treated for clot retention, from initial management by referral units through to implementation of a standardised MBW by the urology service. Outcomes measured included re-catheterisation, MBW volumes, clot evacuated and time to discharge or subsequent intervention. RESULTS: Initial catheters inserted by referral teams were sized 16 Fr-20 Fr, all except one requiring upsizing. Mean washout volumes of 145 ml (SD 125) and 5392 ml (SD 847) were used by referring units and the urology service, respectively. Mean volume of clot evacuated by the standardised MBW was 617 ml (SD 313). Continuous bladder irrigation (CBI) was commenced in 16 patients (66%) prior to referral to urology. Median time to discharge was 48 h. CONCLUSION: Initial catheter insertion is of inadequate size, as is the volume of washout performed. Referring services fail to clear adequate amounts of clot with washouts posing potential risks to patients. The standard management of clot retention should involve the use of at least a 22 F catheter, implement best practice infection control and adopt the last Clot + 1L rule with catheter manipulation. The key points of our recommended MBW are summarised with the acronym CATCH-22. This protocol can guide initial management of clot retention and be used as an educational tool.

Xp11 translocation renal cell carcinoma paraneoplastic syndrome presenting as cutaneous vasculitis: first reported case of yet another mask.

Renal cell carcinoma is historically known as the 'great masquerader' with 40% of patients experiencing a paraneoplastic syndrome. Translocation carcinoma represents one-third of renal cancer in paediatric patients but less than 3% of renal cancers in patients aged 18-45 years where the clinical course is often rapidly terminal. There are less than 10 reported cases of leucoclastic vasculitis associated with clear cell carcinoma reported in the literature and 10 case reports of translocation carcinoma in adults. To our knowledge, we present the first reported case of Xp11 translocation carcinoma presenting as cutaneous vasculitis, as part of a paraneoplastic syndrome, in an adult patient. Our case highlights that renal cell cancers are truly the 'great masquerader' and a rash can be the first sign of renal malignancy.

Prostatic artery embolization for benign prostatic obstruction: assessment of safety and efficacy.

PURPOSE: Prostatic artery embolization (PAE) has seen a recent increase in interest as a treatment for men with benign prostatic obstruction (BPO). The appeal of this intervention lies in reported reduction in morbidity and its minimally invasive nature. The purpose of this review is to assess the safety and efficacy of PAE as a new treatment in BPO and explore risks surrounding its performance. METHODS: A review of the literature was performed. Medical databases searched included PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases, limited to English, peer-reviewed articles. Search terms included prostatic artery embolization, lower urinary tracts symptoms, minimally invasive therapies, interventional radiology prostate, and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Articles were screened by two independent reviewers for content on development, methods, outcomes, and complications of PAE. RESULTS: Suitability of patients to undergo PAE depends on review of patient history, pre-procedure visualisation of appropriate vascular anatomy and clinical parameters. Despite this selection of candidates favourable for procedural success, PAE is not without risk of complications, some of which can significantly affect patient quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Although initial findings show promise regarding safety and efficacy of PAE in improving symptom and quality-of-life scores, further investigation is required to establish durability of effect and the appropriate use of this experimental modality. There is currently limited robust evidence for the beneficial outcomes of PAE. Long-term follow-up studies will add to the evidence base to help further assess the feasibility of this procedure as an alternative to TURP.

Three dimensional models in uro-oncology: a future built with additive fabrication.

PURPOSE: Three-dimensional (3D) printing was invented in 1983 but has only just begun to influence medicine and surgery. Conversion of digital images into physical models demonstrates promise to revolutionize multiple domains of surgery. In the field of uro-oncology, researchers and clinicians have recognized the potential of this technology and are working towards making it an integral part of urological practice. We review current literature regarding 3D printing and other 3D technology in the field of urology. METHOD: A comprehensive assessment of contemporary literature was performed according to a modified PRISMA analysis for the purposes of this narrative review article. Medical databases that were searched included: Web of Science, EMBASE and Cochrane databases. Articles assessed were limited only to English-language peer-reviewed articles published between 1980 and 2017. The search terms used were "3D", "3-dimensional", "printing", "printing technology", "urology", "surgery". Acceptable articles were reviewed and incorporated for their merit and relevance with preference given for articles with high impact, original research and recent advances. RESULTS: Thirty-five publications were included in final analysis and discussion. CONCLUSIONS: The area of 3D printing in Urology shows promising results, but further research is required and cost reduction must occur before clinicians fully embrace its use. As costs continue to decline and diversity of materials continues to expand, research and clinical utilization will increase. Recent advances have demonstrated the potential of this technology in the realms of education and surgical optimization. The generation of personalized organs using 3D printing scaffolding remains the 'holy grail' of this technology.

Laparoscopic lens fogging: solving a common surgical problem in standard and robotic laparoscopes via a scientific model.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic lens fogging (LLF) hampers vision and impedes operative efficiency. Attempts to reduce LLF have led to the development of various anti-fogging fluids and warming devices. Limited literature exists directly comparing these techniques. We constructed a model peritoneum to simulate LLF and to compare the efficacy of various anti-fogging techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Intraperitoneal space was simulated using a suction bag suspended within an 8 L container of water. LLF was induced by varying the temperature and humidity within the model peritoneum. Various anti-fogging techniques were assessed including scope warmers, FREDTM, ResoclearTM, chlorhexidine, betadine and immersion in heated saline. These products were trialled with and without the use of a disposable scope warmer. Vision scores were evaluated by the same investigator for all tests and rated according to a predetermined scale. Fogging was assessed for each product or technique 30 times and a mean vision rating was recorded. RESULTS: All products tested imparted some benefit, but FREDTM performed better than all other techniques. Betadine and ResoclearTM performed no better than the use of a scope warmer alone. Immersion in saline prior to insertion resulted in decreased vision ratings. The robotic scope did not result in LLF within the model. CONCLUSIONS: In standard laparoscopes, the most superior preventative measure was FREDTM utilised on a pre-warmed scope. Despite improvements in LLF with other products FREDTM was better than all other techniques. The robotic laparoscope performed superiorly regarding LLF compared to standard laparoscope.

Interpreting Prostate Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Urologists' Guide Including Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System.

OBJECTIVE: To review and explain the development of multiparametric MRI and its use in prostate cancer diagnosis while educating on the implication of certain radiological findings. METHODS: The physics of magnetic resonance imaging is reviewed befor the explanation of different phase technologies in "multiparametric" scanning. Sample images of the prostate are used to display phenomena described. RESULTS: Modalities of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) of the prostate were reviewed and the interpretation of certain findings were displayed on sample images to educate clinicians about their presence and significance. CONCLUSION: Diagnosis, biopsy targeting, surveillance, operative planning and staging has led to endorsement of mpMRI and it is imperative that treating urologists have an understanding of mpMRI to appreciate the power and limitations of its findings.

Minimally invasive surgical therapies for benign prostatic hypertrophy: The rise in minimally invasive surgical therapies.

The prevalence of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) causing bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms increases with our ageing population. Treatment of BPH traditionally begins with medical therapy and surgical intervention is then considered for those whose symptoms progress despite treatment. Minimally invasive surgical therapies have been developed as an intermediary in the treatment of BPH with the aim of decreasing the invasiveness of interventions. These therapies also aim to reduce morbidity and dysfunction related to invasive surgical procedures. Multiple treatment options exist in this group including mechanical and thermo-ablative strategies. Emerging therapies utilizing differing technologies range from the established to the experimental. We review the current literature related to these minimally invasive therapies and the evidence of their effectiveness in treating BPH. The role of minimally invasive surgical therapies in the treatment of BPH is still yet to be strongly defined. Given the experimental nature of many of the modalities, further study is required prior to their recommendation as alternatives to invasive surgical therapy. More mature evidence is required for the analysis of durability of effect of these therapies to make robust conclusions of their effectiveness.

Atypical Small Acinar Proliferation and High-grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia in the Era of Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Contemporary Review.

Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) has added to the armamentarium for the diagnosis and surveillance for organ-confined prostate cancer. Atypical small acinar proliferation and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) are premalignant prostatic lesions. The management of such lesions remains contentious, and the addition of mpMRI introduces further uncertainty, given its ability to pick up indolent lesions and its use in targeted biopsy. We aimed to perform a comprehensive review of current evidence regarding atypical small acinar proliferation, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and mpMRI to ascertain a consensus for a current management algorithm.

Bilateral obstructing ureteric calculi in pregnancy: a rare cause of acute renal failure.

Bilateral obstructing ureteric calculi is a rare cause of acute renal failure. Although urolithiasis in later pregnancy is not uncommon, the development of bilateral obstruction secondary to ureteric calculi in the first trimester is rare and poses difficulty to diagnosis and management. Symptoms of diseases and physiological changes associated with pregnancy can obscure diagnosis of urolithiasis and obstructive uropathy. Advances in minimally invasive endourology afford intervention with reduced risk to fetal health. We present the second case of acute renal failure caused by bilateral obstructing ureteric calculi in a pregnant patient and discuss current management algorithms for this group.

Visual Occlusion During Minimally Invasive Surgery: A Contemporary Review of Methods to Reduce Laparoscopic and Robotic Lens Fogging and Other Sources of Optical Loss.

BACKGROUND: Maintenance of optimal vision during minimally invasive surgery is crucial to maintaining operative awareness, efficiency, and safety. Hampered vision is commonly caused by laparoscopic lens fogging (LLF), which has prompted the development of various antifogging fluids and warming devices. However, limited comparative evidence exists in contemporary literature. Despite technologic advancements there remains no consensus as to superior methods to prevent LLF or restore visual acuity once LLF has occurred. We performed a review of literature to present the current body of evidence supporting the use of numerous techniques. METHODS: A standardized Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis review was performed, and PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched. Articles pertaining to mechanisms and prevention of LLF were reviewed. We applied no limit to year of publication or publication type and all articles encountered were included in final review. Limited original research and heterogenous outcome measures precluded meta-analytical assessment. RESULTS: Vision loss has a multitude of causes and although scientific theory can be applied to in vivo environments, no authors have completely characterized this complex problem. No method to prevent or correct LLF was identified as superior to others and comparative evidence is minimal. Robotic LLF was poorly investigated and aside from a single analysis has not been directly compared to standard laparoscopic fogging in any capacity. CONCLUSIONS: Obscured vision during surgery is hazardous and typically caused by LLF. The etiology of LLF despite application of scientific theory is yet to be definitively proven in the in vivo environment. Common methods of prevention of LLF or restoration of vision due to LLF have little evidence-based data to support their use. A multiarm comparative in vivo analysis is required to formally assess these commonly used techniques in both standard and robotic laparoscopes.

"Plug and Play": a novel technique utilising existing technology to get the most out of the robot.

We describe a simple technique in which current and freely available technology can be utilised by surgeons while operating the Da Vinci Si/Xi Surgical Robotic systems. This technique allows for a parallel intraoperative display within the surgical console of any desired subject material from a standard computer, utilising commercially available cabling. The ability to view 3D reconstructed images, patient radiology and patient results within the console whilst operating, has the potential to increase operative efficiency, reduce error and aid in adequate resection of tissues. The ease with which our technique is achieved, the benefits of its use and the low cost associated with its implementation support our suggestion that all robotic surgeons incorporate this into their regular operative setup.