Ergophysiological evaluation of heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction undergoing exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to explore in heart failure (HF) patients with reduced ejection fraction (EF) undergoing exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation the following: 1) the comparison of temporal changes between peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and first ventilatory threshold (VO2VT1), 2) the association of VO2peak and VO2VT1 changes with physiological factors, and 3) the differential effects of continuous aerobic exercise (CAE) and interval training (IT) on VO2peak and VO2VT1. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, CENTRAL, and Scopus. Inclusion criteria were 1) original research articles using exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation, 2) stable HF patients with reduced EF, 3) available values of VO2peak and VO2VT1 (in mL/kg/min) both at baseline and after exercise training with comparison between these time points. RESULTS: Among the 30 eligible trials, 24 used CAE, 5 IT, and one CAE and IT. Multivariable meta-regression with duration of exercise training and percentage of males as independent variables and the change in VO2peak as a dependent variable showed that the change in VO2peak was negatively associated with duration of exercise training (coefficient=-0.061, p=0.027), implying the possible existence of a waning effect of exercise training on VO2peak in the long term. Multivariable meta-regression demonstrated that both age (coefficient=-0.140, p<0.001) and EF (coefficient=-0.149, p<0.001) could predict the change in VO2VT1, whereas only age (coefficient=-0.095, p=0.022), but not EF (coefficient = 0.082, p = 0.100), could predict the change in VO2peak. The posttraining peak respiratory exchange ratio, as an index of maximum effort during exercise testing, correlated positively with the change in VO2peak (coefficient=-0.021, p=0.044). The exercise-induced changes of VO2peak (p = 0.438) and VO2VT1 (p = 0.474) did not differ between CAE and IT groups. CONCLUSIONS: Improvement of endurance capacity during cardiac rehabilitation may be detected more accurately with the assessment of VO2VT1 rather than VO2peak.

Effects of Hypoglycemia on Cardiovascular Function in Patients with Diabetes.

Hypoglycemia is common in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes (T1D, T2D), treated with insulin or sulfonylureas, and has multiple short- and long-term clinical implications. Whether acute or recurrent, hypoglycemia significantly affects the cardiovascular system with the potential to cause cardiovascular dysfunction. Several pathophysiological mechanisms have been proposed linking hypoglycemia to increased cardiovascular risk, including hemodynamic changes, myocardial ischemia, abnormal cardiac repolarization, cardiac arrhythmias, prothrombotic and proinflammatory effects, and induction of oxidative stress. Hypoglycemia-induced changes can promote the development of endothelial dysfunction, which is an early marker of atherosclerosis. Although data from clinical trials and real-world studies suggest an association between hypoglycemia and cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes, it remains uncertain whether this association is causal. New therapeutic agents for patients with T2D do not cause hypoglycemia and have cardioprotective benefits, whereas increasing the use of new technologies, such as continuous glucose monitoring devices and insulin pumps, has the potential to reduce hypoglycemia and its adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with T1D.

Prevalence and Characteristics of Self-Harm in Adolescents: Meta-Analyses of Community-Based Studies 1990-2015.

OBJECTIVE: To provide meta-analytic estimates of self-harm from all community-based studies of adolescents from 1990 through 2015, estimates of suicidal risk, and characteristics including age profile, frequency, types, seeking help, and reasons. METHOD: Databases, bibliographies, and the internet were searched for cross-sectional and cohort studies of 12- to 18-year-olds. Meta-analytic estimates of the prevalence and characteristics of self-harm, risk of suicidal behaviors, and rates comparing different methods were calculated. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-two datasets reporting self-harm in 597,548 participants from 41 countries were included. Overall lifetime prevalence was 16.9% (95% CI 15.1-18.9), with rates increasing to 2015. Girls were more likely to self-harm (risk ratio 1.72, 95% CI 1.57-1.88). The mean age of starting self-harm was 13 years, with 47% reporting only 1 or 2 episodes and cutting being the most common type (45%). The most frequent reason was relief from thoughts or feelings. Slightly more than half sought help, but for most this was from a friend. Suicidal ideation (risk ratio 4.97) and attempts (risk ratio 9.14) were significantly higher in adolescents who self-harmed, but this was higher with more frequent self-harm. Methodologic factors also were associated with higher rates of self-harm. CONCLUSION: Interventions that can lower suicidal risk should be made available to adolescents who self-harm frequently as soon as possible. Preventative interventions that help adolescents deal with negative feelings should be instituted at the onset of puberty. Because friends are frequently asked for support, interventions also should be developed for peer groups.

A case of De Garengeot's hernia with acute appendicitis and literature review.

BACKGROUND: De Garengeot hernia is defined as femoral hernia containing appendix. An acute appendicitis in a femoral hernia is a extremely unusual surgical finding and occurs in 0.08%-0.013% of all cases. CASE REPORT: We report the case of an elderly woman, who presented with a typical clinical image of incarcerated femoral hernia and underwent open surgery. An infrainguinal incision was performed and after the dissection of hernia sac, an acute appendicitis within femoral hernia was revealed. Subsequently, appendectomy and hernioplasty were performed. CONCLUSION: Acute appendicitis within femoral hernia should be included in differential diagnosis of patients presenting with clinical signs of an incarcerated femoral hernia and prompt surgical treatment is essential in order to avoid severe complications.

Effects of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids on the Reproductive System of Athletes and Recreational Users: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are testosterone derivatives used by athletes and recreational users to improve athletic performance and/or enhance appearance. Anabolic androgenic steroids use may have serious and potentially irreversible adverse effects on different organs and systems, including the reproductive system. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to critically assess the impact of AAS use on the reproductive system of athletes and recreational users. METHODS: An electronic literature search was conducted using the databases MEDLINE, CENTRAL, and Google Scholar. Studies were included when the following criteria were fulfilled: participants were athletes or recreational users of any age, sex, level or type of sport; AAS use of any type, dose, form or duration; AAS effects on the reproductive system were assessed as stated by medical history, clinical examination, hormone and/or semen analysis. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed to assess the weighted mean difference (WMD) of serum gonadotropin (luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone) and testosterone levels compared with baseline, during the period of AAS use, as well as following AAS discontinuation. RESULTS: Thirty-three studies (three randomized clinical trials, 11 cohort, 18 cross-sectional, and one non-randomized parallel clinical trial) were included in the systematic review (3879 participants; 1766 AAS users and 2113 non-AAS users). The majority of the participants were men; only six studies provided data for female athletes. A meta-analysis (11 studies) was conducted of studies evaluating serum gonadotropin and testosterone levels in male subjects: (1) prior to, and during AAS use (six studies, n = 65 AAS users; seven studies, n = 59, evaluating gonadotropin and testosterone levels respectively); (2) during AAS use and following AAS discontinuation (four studies, n = 35; six studies, n = 39, respectively); as well as (3) prior to AAS use and following AAS discontinuation (three studies, n = 17; five studies, n = 27, respectively). During AAS intake, significant reductions in luteinizing hormone [weighted mean difference (WMD) -3.37 IU/L, 95% confidence interval (CI) -5.05 to -1.70, p < 0.001], follicle-stimulating hormone (WMD -1.73 IU/L, 95% CI -2.67 to -0.79, p < 0.001), and endogenous testosterone levels (WMD -10.75 nmol/L, 95% CI -15.01 to -6.49, p < 0.001) were reported. Following AAS discontinuation, serum gonadotropin levels gradually returned to baseline values within 13-24 weeks, whereas serum testosterone levels remained lower as compared with baseline (WMD -9.40 nmol/L, 95% CI -14.38 to -4.42, p < 0.001). Serum testosterone levels remained reduced at 16 weeks following discontinuation of AAS. In addition, AAS abuse resulted in structural and functional sperm changes, a reduction in testicular volume, gynecomastia, as well as clitoromegaly, menstrual irregularities, and subfertility. CONCLUSION: The majority of AAS users demonstrated hypogonadism with persistently low gonadotropin and testosterone levels, lasting for several weeks to months after AAS withdrawal. Anabolic androgenic steroid use results in profound and prolonged effects on the reproductive system of athletes and recreational users and potentially on fertility.