ABSTRACT
Background: This guideline addresses the diagnosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP). It represents a collaborative effort among the American Thoracic Society, Japanese Respiratory Society, and Asociación Latinoamericana del Tórax.Methods: Systematic reviews were performed for six questions. The evidence was discussed, and then recommendations were formulated by a multidisciplinary committee of experts in the field of interstitial lung disease and HP using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) approach.Results: The guideline committee defined HP, and clinical, radiographic, and pathological features were described. HP was classified into nonfibrotic and fibrotic phenotypes. There was limited evidence that was directly applicable to all questions. The need for a thorough history and a validated questionnaire to identify potential exposures was agreed on. Serum IgG testing against potential antigens associated with HP was suggested to identify potential exposures. For patients with nonfibrotic HP, a recommendation was made in favor of obtaining bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid for lymphocyte cellular analysis, and suggestions for transbronchial lung biopsy and surgical lung biopsy were also made. For patients with fibrotic HP, suggestions were made in favor of obtaining BAL for lymphocyte cellular analysis, transbronchial lung cryobiopsy, and surgical lung biopsy. Diagnostic criteria were established, and a diagnostic algorithm was created by expert consensus. Knowledge gaps were identified as future research directions.Conclusions: The guideline committee developed a systematic approach to the diagnosis of HP. The approach should be reevaluated as new evidence accumulates.
Subject(s)
Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic/diagnosis , Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology , Inhalation Exposure , Lung/pathology , Lymphocytes/immunology , Pulmonary Fibrosis/diagnosis , Adult , Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic/complications , Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic/immunology , Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic/pathology , Biopsy , Bronchoscopy , Cryosurgery , Humans , Immunoglobulin G/immunology , Medical History Taking , Pulmonary Fibrosis/etiology , Pulmonary Fibrosis/immunology , Pulmonary Fibrosis/pathology , Serologic Tests , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The association between inferior vena cava (IVC) filter presence and subsequent bloodstream infection (BSI) is unknown. We hypothesized among patients with a new diagnosis of venous thromboembolism (VTE), incidence of BSI after 1 year would be higher in patients who had presence of an IVC filter. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with newly diagnosed VTE but no IVC filter (Nâ¯=â¯4,053) and patients with IVC filter (Nâ¯=â¯635) admitted to a metropolitan hospital system from 2006 to 2009 comparing incidence of BSI within 1 year of inclusion. Multivariable regression modeling was used to evaluate the association of IVC filter placement with BSI 1 year after placement. RESULTS: Patients with an IVC filter placed were more likely to be older with higher Charlson co-morbidity score (median 4 vs 1; P < .001). The incidence of BSI was not different between the group with IVC filter and the group without (10.7% vs 8.8%; Pâ¯=â¯.12). There was no association with IVC filter placement and BSI before or after multivariable adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: In patients newly diagnosed with VTE, we found no association between IVC filter placement and increased incidence of BSI after 1 year.
Subject(s)
Pulmonary Embolism , Vena Cava Filters , Venous Thromboembolism , Humans , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Treatment Outcome , Vena Cava Filters/adverse effects , Venous Thromboembolism/epidemiology , Venous Thromboembolism/etiologySubject(s)
Embolism, Paradoxical/diagnosis , Foramen Ovale, Patent/diagnosis , Respiratory Insufficiency/etiology , Shock/etiology , Stroke/etiology , Aged , Embolism, Paradoxical/complications , Embolism, Paradoxical/surgery , Female , Foramen Ovale, Patent/complications , Foramen Ovale, Patent/surgery , HumansABSTRACT
Female participation in high school athletics has increased 800% in the last 30 years. The problem of exercise-induced amenorrhea was initially thought to be analogous to hypoestrogenism, but recent studies suggest that nutritional issues underlie most of the pathophysiology and that the mechanism is different from that seen in the primary hypogonadal state. Exercise-induced amenorrhea can be an indicator of an energy drain, and the presence of the other components of the female athlete triad-bone density loss and eating disorders-must be determined as well. Addressing skeletal problems related to nutritional and hormonal deficiencies in this population is of very high priority.
