Isochores and Heat Capacity of Liquid Water in Terms of the Ion-Molecular Model.

Thermodynamics of liquid water in terms of a non-standard approach-the ion-molecular model-is considered. Water is represented as a dense gas of neutral H2O molecules and single charged H3O+ and OH- ions. The molecules and ions perform thermal collisional motion and interconvert due to ion exchange. The energy-rich process-vibrations of an ion in a hydration shell of molecular dipoles-well known to spectroscopists with its dielectric response at 180 cm-1 (5 THz), is suggested to be key for water dynamics. Taking into account this ion-molecular oscillator, we compose an equation of state of liquid water to obtain analytical expressions for the isochores and heat capacity.

Femtosecond filament emergence between π-shifted beamlets in air.

By rotating the four-section π-shifted phase plate in the transverse plane relatively to the axes of the elliptical beam of 800-nm, 1.1-mJ, 35-fs pulse propagating in air, we switch between the regime of four parallel plasma channels and the regime of spatial symmetry breakup followed by on-axis plasma channel formation identified on the burnt paper images of the beam. Relaxation of the π-phase shift for 45° phase plate rotation is demonstrated explicitly in 3D+time carrier wave resolved numerical simulations yielding the initial step-like phase distribution degradation along the plasma region. This degradation becomes negligible as the angle between the ellipse major axis and the π-phase break line decreases to 15°.