Non-dopamine receptor ligands for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Insight into the related chemical/property space.

Extensive biochemical and clinical studies have increasingly recognized Parkinson's disease as a highly complex and multi-faceted neurological disorder having branched non-motor symptoms including sleep disorders, pain, constipation, psychosis, depression, and fatigue. A wide range of biological targets in the brain deeply implicated in this pathology resulted in a plethora of novel small-molecule compounds with promising activity. This review thoroughly describes the chemical space of non-dopamine receptor ligands in terms of diversity, isosteric/bioisosteric morphing, and molecular descriptors.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 5-oxo-2-thioxoimidazolidine derivatives as potent androgen receptor antagonists.

A series of novel highly active androgen receptor (AR) antagonists containing spiro-4-(5-oxo-3-phenyl-2-thioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile core was designed based on the SAR studies available from the reported AR antagonists and in silico modeling. Within the series, compound (R)-6 (ONC1-13B) and its related analogues, including its active N-dealkylated metabolite, were found to be the most potent molecules with the target activity (IC50, androgen-sensitive human PCa LNCaP cells) in the range of 59-80 nM (inhibition of PSA production). The disclosed hits were at least two times more active than bicalutamide, nilutamide and enzalutamide within the performed assay. Several compounds were classified as partial agonists. Hit-compounds demonstrated benefit pharmacokinetic profiles in rats. Comparative SAR and 3D molecular docking studies were performed for the hit compounds elucidating the observed differences in the binding potency.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel potent MDM2/p53 small-molecule inhibitors.

Regioselective synthesis, biological evaluation and 3D-molecular modeling for a series of novel diastereomeric 2-thioxo-5H-dispiro[imidazolidine-4,3-pyrrolidine-2,3-indole]-2,5(1H)-diones are described. The studied compounds have been tentatively identified as potent small molecule MDM2/p53 PPI inhibitors and can therefore be reasonably regarded as promising anticancer therapeutics.

Discovery of novel highly potent hepatitis C virus NS5A inhibitor (AV4025).

A series of next in class small-molecule hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A inhibitors with picomolar potency containing 2-pyrrolidin-2-yl-5-{4-[4-(2-pyrrolidin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)buta-1,3-diynyl]phenyl}-1H-imidazole cores was designed based on the SAR studies available for the reported NS5A inhibitors. Compound 13a (AV4025), with (S,S,S,S)-stereochemistry (EC50 = 3.4 ± 0.2 pM, HCV replicon genotype 1b), was dramatically more active than were the compounds with two (S)- and two (R)-chiral centers. Human serum did not significantly reduce the antiviral activity (<4-fold). Relatively favorable pharmacokinetic features and good oral bioavailability were observed during animal studies. Compound 13a was well tolerated in rodents (in mice, LD50 = 2326 mg/kg or higher), providing a relatively high therapeutic index. During safety, pharmacology and subchronic toxicity studies in rats and dogs, it was not associated with any significant pathological or clinical findings. This compound is currently being evaluated in phase I/II clinical trials for the treatment of HCV infection.

Computational approaches to the design of novel 5-HT6 R ligands.

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) subtype 6 receptor (5-HT6 receptor, 5-HT6 R) belongs to a 5-HT subclass of a relatively wide G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. Accumulated biological data indicate that 5-HT6 R antagonists and agonists have a great potential for the treatment of neuropathological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia. A number of painstaking efforts have been made toward the design of novel 5-HT6 R ligands; however, there are still no drugs that successfully passed all the clinical trials and entered the market, except for several multimodal ligands. Novel active molecules are strongly needed to progress this development forward. The in silico drug design has some benefits compared with the other rough approaches in terms of thoroughness and predictive accuracy; therefore, it can be effectively used as a solid foundation for the design of novel 5-HT6 R ligands with high potency and selectivity. Here, we provide an overview of the reported computational approaches to the design of novel 5-HT6 R ligands.

Small-molecule arginase inhibitors.

Arginase is an enzyme that metabolizes L-arginine to L-ornithine and urea. In addition to its fundamental role in the hepatic ornithine cycle, it also influences the immune systems in humans and mice. Arginase participates in many inflammatory disorders by decreasing the synthesis of nitric oxide and inducing fibrosis and tissue regeneration. L-arginine deficiency, which is modulated by myeloid cell arginase, suppresses T-cell immune response. This mechanism plays a fundamental role in inflammation-associated immunosuppression. Pathogens can synthesize their own arginase to elude immune reaction. Small-molecule arginase inhibitors are currently described as promising therapeutics for the treatment of several diseases, including allergic asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, cardiovascular diseases (atherosclerosis and hypertension), diseases associated with pathogens (e.g., Helicobacter pylori, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Salmonella), cancer and induced or spontaneous immune disorders. This article summarizes recent patents in the area of arginase inhibitors and discusses their properties.