Incidence and pattern of conduction gaps after pulmonary vein isolation with the endoscopic ablation system.

PURPOSE: Durable pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is the goal of atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. The endoscopic ablation system (EAS) is associated with a high rate of persistent PVI. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence and pattern of conduction gaps in patients with arrhythmia recurrence after an EAS-guided PVI. METHODS: Repeat ablations after an EAS-guided PVI were analyzed. After PV angiograms, PV reconnection was assessed. Radiofrequency ablation was delivered at the earliest pulmonary vein (PV) activation site (gap) with the goal of PV re-isolation. First, the incidence of reconnected PVs per patient was assessed. Second, the gap pattern according to the individual PV quadrant was analyzed. RESULTS: Fifty-nine out of 373 (16%) patients underwent a second procedure after index EAS. PV reconnection was observed in 71/230 (31%) PVs without statistically significant differences between individual PVs. A higher incidence of gaps was found for right PVs (49 vs. 27; p 0.0006). The carina between the superior and inferior PV presented a low incidence of gaps (18 vs. 56, p < 0.0001). Gaps were also predominant at the AS segment of the RSPV (11 gaps). No predictors of reconnection were found, except the higher total amount of application in the reconnected right inferior PV (26.03 ± 1.30 vs. 32.04 ± 2.89; p 0.0396). CONCLUSION: EAS-guided PVI results in a 72% durable PVI rate in patients with AF recurrences without difference between individual PVs. More of the gap was found in the right PVs especially in the anterosuperior segment of the RSPV.

Silent cerebral lesions and cognitive function after pulmonary vein isolation with an irrigated gold-tip catheter: REDUCE-TE Pilot study.

INTRODUCTION: Stroke is one of the most feared complications during catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF). While symptomatic thromboembolic events are rare, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may identify asymptomatic (ie, silent) cerebral lesions (SCLs) following pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) procedures. METHODS AND RESULTS: The REDUCE-TE Pilot was a prospective multicenter, single-arm observational study investigating the incidence of SCL in patients with symptomatic paroxysmal AF undergoing PVI with a novel gold-tip, externally irrigated ablation catheter. After ablation, cerebral diffusion-weighted MRI and a postablation follow-up were performed at 1 to 3 days after the ablation procedure. A neurocognitive test was done before and after ablation. The primary study endpoint was the occurrence of one or more new SCLs. Secondary study endpoints included neurocognitive status, procedural success rate, and periprocedural complications including symptomatic thromboembolic events. A total of 104 patients were enrolled (69% male, mean age: 61.5 ± 9.7 years, mean CHA2 DS 2 -VASc score: 1.7 ± 1.2). Postprocedural MRI examination was performed in 97 patients, and in nine of them (9.3%; 95% CI: 4.3-16.9%) a total of 11 SCLs were detected. Univariate analyses did not reveal any significant predictor for new SCLs. Nonsignificant trends were observed for low activated clotting time during ablation and for international normalized ratio value outside the range of 2 to 3 at ablation. There was no evidence of significant deterioration of neurocognitive function after PVI. In four patients, a pericardial tamponade was noted but all patients fully recovered during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Ablation of AF using a novel gold-tip, externally irrigated ablation catheter, resulted in SCLs in approximately one out of 10 patients without a measurable effect on neurocognitive function.

Cavotricuspid Isthmus Anatomy Determines The Success Of Remote Controlled Magnetic Bidirectional Block: A Comparsion Between Magnetic 8-mm Solid Tip And 3.5-mm Magnetic Irrigated Tip Catheter.

BACKGROUND: Cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) anatomy is associated with a great inter-individual variability. The aim of this study was to compare the magnetic 8-mm tip catheter versus the novel 3.5-mm magnetic irrigated tip catheter in achieving bidirectional right atrial isthmus block and to evaluate the impact of the underlying CTI anatomy on success rate. METHODS: A detailed remote controlled 3-dimensional electroanatomic (3D EA) right atrial reconstruction was performed using the magnetic navigation system with special emphasis to the CTI. CTI anatomy was evaluated utilizing the 3D EA map and classified into (A) simple (flat), (B) complex (pouch-like recess or concave shape) or (C) highly complex (pouch-like recess and concave shape). Patients were treated either with the magnetic 8-mm tip catheter (group I) or the open irrigated magnetic 3.5-mm tip catheter (group II). Primary endpoint was defined as acute bidirectional CTI block utilizing exclusively the remote controlled magnetic navigation system. Secondary endpoint was any procedure related complication and procedure time. RESULTS: In group I (n=10, 10 males, mean age: 65 ± 9 years) the primary endpoint was achieved in 80% (8/10 pts) requiring a median (Q1; Q3) RF application time of 37.1 min (22.8; 71.5) and a median (Q1;Q3) cumulative energy (CE) of 70.68 kJ (kilo Joule). (10.76;40.59). In group II (n=13, 10 males, mean age: 60 ± 7 years) the primary endpoint was achieved in 92 % (12/13) with a median (Q1; Q3) RF application time of 21.9 min (13.0; 27.0; p value=0.036) and a CE of 33.54 KJ (26.59; 49.22; p value=0.015). Variable CTI anatomy was identified for group I (type A: n=5 pts, type B: n=5 pts, type C: n=0 pts) and group for II (type A: n=4 pts, type B: n=7 pts, type C: n=2 pts). In group I magnetic ablation failure was associated with type B CTI anatomy (n=2 pts) and in group II with type C CTI (n=1). No procedure related complications were observed. CONCLUSION: Remote controlled catheter ablation of typical atrial flutter using the magnetic navigation system appears to be safe and feasible. CTI anatomy determines remote controlled magnetic ablation success. Use of the magnetic 3.5 mm irrigated tip catheter should be considered in patients with complex CTI anatomy.

Postprocedural care in patients undergoing catheter ablation for the treatment of atrial fibrillation.

The high prevalence of atrial fibrillation has contributed to an increasing number of patients in need of treatment. International guidelines recognize the importance of a catheter-based approach for the curative treatment of atrial fibrillation and recommend its use in patients who have failed antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Physicians involved in the postprocedural care of these patients need to be familiar with common postoperative complications, proper use of antiarrhythmic agents and anticoagulation schemes, as well as, appropriate timing of reintervention.